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Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate

BACKGROUND: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides lead to severe environmental impacts in oceans worldwide followed by huge economic losses. Algicide agent copper sulfate (CuSO(4)) is regard as an economical and effective agent for HABs mitigation; its b...

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Autores principales: Guo, Ruoyu, Wang, Hui, Suh, Young Sang, Ki, Jang-Seu
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702327/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26732698
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2341-3
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author Guo, Ruoyu
Wang, Hui
Suh, Young Sang
Ki, Jang-Seu
author_facet Guo, Ruoyu
Wang, Hui
Suh, Young Sang
Ki, Jang-Seu
author_sort Guo, Ruoyu
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides lead to severe environmental impacts in oceans worldwide followed by huge economic losses. Algicide agent copper sulfate (CuSO(4)) is regard as an economical and effective agent for HABs mitigation; its biochemical and physiological effects were revealed in C. polykrikoides. However, molecular mechanisms of CuSO(4) effect on the C. polykrikoides, even other HAB species, have not been investigated. The present study investigated the transcriptional response of C. polykrikoides against CuSO(4) treatments, with the aim of providing certain molecular mechanism of CuSO(4) effect on the C. polykrikoides blooms. RESULTS: RNA-seq generated 173 million reads, which were further assembled to 191,212 contigs. 43.3 %, 33.9 %, and 15.6 % of contigs were annotated with NCBI NR, GO, and KEGG database, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 20.6 % differential expressed contigs, which grouped into 8 clusters according to K-means clustering analysis, responding to CuSO(4); 848 contigs were up-regulated and 746 contigs were down-regulated more than 2-fold changes from 12 h to 48 h exposure. KEGG pathway analysis of eukaryotic homologous genes revealed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in diverse pathway; amongst, the genes involved in the translation, spliceosome, and/or signal transduction genes were highly regulated. Most of photosystem related genes were down-regulated and most of mitochondria related genes were up-regulated. In addition, the genes involved in the copper ion binding or transporting and antioxidant systems were identified. Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that photosynthesis was significantly inhibited by CuSO(4) exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported the first transcriptome of the C. polykrikoides. The widely differential expressed photosystem genes suggested photosynthetic machinery were severely affected, and may further contribute to the cell death. Furthermore, gene translation and transcription processes may be disrupted, inhibiting cell growth and proliferation, and possibly accelerating cell death. However, antioxidant systems resistant to CuSO(4) caused stress; mitochondrion may compensate for photosynthesis efficiency decreasing caused energy deficiency. In addition, various signal transduction pathways may be involved in the CuSO(4) induced regulation network in the C. polykrikoides. These data provide the potential transcriptomic mechanism to explain the algicide CuSO(4) effect on the harmful dinoflagellate C. polykrikoides. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2341-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-47023272016-01-07 Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate Guo, Ruoyu Wang, Hui Suh, Young Sang Ki, Jang-Seu BMC Genomics Research Article BACKGROUND: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides lead to severe environmental impacts in oceans worldwide followed by huge economic losses. Algicide agent copper sulfate (CuSO(4)) is regard as an economical and effective agent for HABs mitigation; its biochemical and physiological effects were revealed in C. polykrikoides. However, molecular mechanisms of CuSO(4) effect on the C. polykrikoides, even other HAB species, have not been investigated. The present study investigated the transcriptional response of C. polykrikoides against CuSO(4) treatments, with the aim of providing certain molecular mechanism of CuSO(4) effect on the C. polykrikoides blooms. RESULTS: RNA-seq generated 173 million reads, which were further assembled to 191,212 contigs. 43.3 %, 33.9 %, and 15.6 % of contigs were annotated with NCBI NR, GO, and KEGG database, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 20.6 % differential expressed contigs, which grouped into 8 clusters according to K-means clustering analysis, responding to CuSO(4); 848 contigs were up-regulated and 746 contigs were down-regulated more than 2-fold changes from 12 h to 48 h exposure. KEGG pathway analysis of eukaryotic homologous genes revealed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in diverse pathway; amongst, the genes involved in the translation, spliceosome, and/or signal transduction genes were highly regulated. Most of photosystem related genes were down-regulated and most of mitochondria related genes were up-regulated. In addition, the genes involved in the copper ion binding or transporting and antioxidant systems were identified. Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that photosynthesis was significantly inhibited by CuSO(4) exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported the first transcriptome of the C. polykrikoides. The widely differential expressed photosystem genes suggested photosynthetic machinery were severely affected, and may further contribute to the cell death. Furthermore, gene translation and transcription processes may be disrupted, inhibiting cell growth and proliferation, and possibly accelerating cell death. However, antioxidant systems resistant to CuSO(4) caused stress; mitochondrion may compensate for photosynthesis efficiency decreasing caused energy deficiency. In addition, various signal transduction pathways may be involved in the CuSO(4) induced regulation network in the C. polykrikoides. These data provide the potential transcriptomic mechanism to explain the algicide CuSO(4) effect on the harmful dinoflagellate C. polykrikoides. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2341-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2016-01-05 /pmc/articles/PMC4702327/ /pubmed/26732698 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2341-3 Text en © Guo et al. 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Guo, Ruoyu
Wang, Hui
Suh, Young Sang
Ki, Jang-Seu
Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
title Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
title_full Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
title_fullStr Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
title_full_unstemmed Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
title_short Transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
title_sort transcriptomic profiles reveal the genome-wide responses of the harmful dinoflagellate cochlodinium polykrikoides when exposed to the algicide copper sulfate
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702327/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26732698
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2341-3
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