ROTS: reproducible RNA-seq biomarker detector—prognostic markers for clear cell renal cell cancer

Recent comprehensive assessments of RNA-seq technology support its utility in quantifying gene expression in various samples. The next step of rigorously quantifying differences between sample groups, however, still lacks well-defined best practices. Although a number of advanced statistical methods have been developed, several studies demonstrate that their performance depends strongly on the data under analysis, which compromises practical utility in real biomedical studies. As a solution, we propose to use a data-adaptive procedure that selects an optimal statistic capable of maximizing reproducibility of detections. After demonstrating its improved sensitivity and specificity in a controlled spike-in study, the utility of the procedure is confirmed in a real biomedical study by identifying prognostic markers for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In addition to identifying several genes previously associated with ccRCC prognosis, several potential new biomarkers among genes regulating cell growth, metabolism and solute transport were detected.