The effect of annealing on a 3D SnO(2)/graphene foam as an advanced lithium-ion battery anode

3D annealed SnO(2)/graphene sheet foams (ASGFs) are synthesized by in situ self-assembly of graphene sheets prepared by mild chemical reduction. L-ascorbyl acid is used to effectively reduce the SnO(2) nanoparticles/graphene oxide colloidal solution and form the 3D conductive graphene networks. The annealing treatment contributes to the formation of the Sn-O-C bonds between the SnO(2) nanoparticles and the reduced graphene sheets, which improves the electrochemical performance of the foams. The ASGF has features of typical aerogels: low density (about 19 mg cm(−3)), smooth surface and porous structure. The ASGF anodes exhibit good specific capacity, excellent cycling stability and superior rate capability. The first reversible specific capacity is as high as 984.2 mAh g(−1) at a specific current of 200 mA g(−1). Even at the high specific current of 1000 mA g(−1) after 150 cycles, the reversible specific capacity of ASGF is still as high as 533.7 mAh g(−1), about twice as much as that of SGF (297.6 mAh g(−1)) after the same test. This synthesis method can be scaled up to prepare other metal oxides particles/ graphene sheet foams for high performance lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysts, etc.