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Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children
Kawasaki disease (KD) primarily affects children <5 years of age (75%–80%) and is currently the leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed nations. Even when residing in the West, East Asian children are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop KD. We hypothesized cultural variations influ...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730492/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26742052 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010101 |
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author | Yeter, Deniz Portman, Michael A. Aschner, Michael Farina, Marcelo Chan, Wen-Ching Hsieh, Kai-Sheng Kuo, Ho-Chang |
author_facet | Yeter, Deniz Portman, Michael A. Aschner, Michael Farina, Marcelo Chan, Wen-Ching Hsieh, Kai-Sheng Kuo, Ho-Chang |
author_sort | Yeter, Deniz |
collection | PubMed |
description | Kawasaki disease (KD) primarily affects children <5 years of age (75%–80%) and is currently the leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed nations. Even when residing in the West, East Asian children are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop KD. We hypothesized cultural variations influencing pediatric mercury (Hg) exposure from seafood consumption may mediate ethnic KD risk among children in the United States. Hospitalization rates of KD in US children aged 0–4 years (n = 10,880) and blood Hg levels in US children aged 1–5 years (n = 713) were determined using separate US federal datasets. Our cohort primarily presented with blood Hg levels <0.1 micrograms (µg) per kg bodyweight (96.5%) that are considered normal and subtoxic. Increased ethnic KD risk was significantly associated with both increasing levels and detection rates of blood Hg or cadmium (Cd) in a linear dose-responsive manner between ethnic African, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic children in the US (p ≤ 0.05). Increasing low-dose exposure to Hg or Cd may induce KD or contribute to its later development in susceptible children. However, our preliminary results require further replication in other ethnic populations, in addition to more in-depth examination of metal exposure and toxicokinetics. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4730492 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-47304922016-02-11 Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children Yeter, Deniz Portman, Michael A. Aschner, Michael Farina, Marcelo Chan, Wen-Ching Hsieh, Kai-Sheng Kuo, Ho-Chang Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Kawasaki disease (KD) primarily affects children <5 years of age (75%–80%) and is currently the leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed nations. Even when residing in the West, East Asian children are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop KD. We hypothesized cultural variations influencing pediatric mercury (Hg) exposure from seafood consumption may mediate ethnic KD risk among children in the United States. Hospitalization rates of KD in US children aged 0–4 years (n = 10,880) and blood Hg levels in US children aged 1–5 years (n = 713) were determined using separate US federal datasets. Our cohort primarily presented with blood Hg levels <0.1 micrograms (µg) per kg bodyweight (96.5%) that are considered normal and subtoxic. Increased ethnic KD risk was significantly associated with both increasing levels and detection rates of blood Hg or cadmium (Cd) in a linear dose-responsive manner between ethnic African, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic children in the US (p ≤ 0.05). Increasing low-dose exposure to Hg or Cd may induce KD or contribute to its later development in susceptible children. However, our preliminary results require further replication in other ethnic populations, in addition to more in-depth examination of metal exposure and toxicokinetics. MDPI 2016-01-05 2016-01 /pmc/articles/PMC4730492/ /pubmed/26742052 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010101 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Yeter, Deniz Portman, Michael A. Aschner, Michael Farina, Marcelo Chan, Wen-Ching Hsieh, Kai-Sheng Kuo, Ho-Chang Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children |
title | Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children |
title_full | Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children |
title_fullStr | Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children |
title_full_unstemmed | Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children |
title_short | Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children |
title_sort | ethnic kawasaki disease risk associated with blood mercury and cadmium in u.s. children |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730492/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26742052 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010101 |
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