Electrochemical Energy Storage Application and Degradation Analysis of Carbon-Coated Hierarchical NiCo(2)S(4) Core-Shell Nanowire Arrays Grown Directly on Graphene/Nickel Foam

We developed a new electrode comprising thin carbon layer coated hierarchical NiCo(2)S(4) core-shell nanowire arrays (NiCo(2)S(4)@C CSNAs) on graphene/Ni foam (Ni@G) substrates. The electrode showed outstanding electrochemical characteristics including a high specific capacitance of 253 mAh g(−1) at 3 A g(−1), high rate capability of 163 mAh g(−1) at 50 A g(−1) (~64.4% of that at 3 A g(−1)), and long-term cycling stability with a capacity retention of 93.9% after 5000 cycles. Comparative studies on the degradation of hierarchical NiCo(2)S(4) CSNA electrodes with and without carbon coatings revealed that the morphology pulverization, structural separation at core/shell interface, and irretrievably chemical composition change of NiCo(2)S(4) CSNAs electrode are major factors that deteriorate the electrochemical performance of the electrodes without carbon coating. The favorable roles of carbon coatings on hierarchical NiCo(2)S(4) CSNAs were further clarified: (1) serving as a physical buffering layer that suppresses the structural breakdown; (2) retarding the chemical composition conversion of the NiCo(2)S(4) CSNAs; and (3) providing extra path for charge transition in addition to the NiCo(2)S(4) core nanowires. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms and the significance of the surface carbon coatings would provide useful guidelines for the design of new electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical devices.