Predictive Factors of Superior Mediastinal Nodal Metastasis from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma—A Prospective Observational Study

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the incidence rates and predictive factors of superior mediastinal lymph node (SMLN) metastasis in PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma) patients. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed between January 2009 and January 2011. PTC patients who had tumors with a maximal diameter greater than 1 cm and clinically negative SMLNs were included in this study. Finally, a total of 217 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with central compartment neck dissection (CND) and elective superior mediastinal lymph node dissection (SMLND), with or without modified radical neck dissection (MRND) and revisional CND, were included. RESULTS: Occult SMLN metastasis was present in 15.7% (34/217). Cytological classifications of tumor, BRAFV600E mutation, Tumor size, T-stage, perithyroidal extension, lymphovascular invasion, multifocality, and paratracheal pN(+) were not predictive of SMLN metastasis (P > .05), while revision surgery, pretracheal pN(+), and multiple lateral pN(+) were associated with SMLN metastasis. There were no major complications related to SMLND. Transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism was observed in 69 cases (31.8%) and 8 cases (3.6%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite clinically negative SMLN in preoperative evaluation, SMLN metastasis can be predicted for patients with a PTC tumor size larger than 1 cm, pretracheal LN metastasis, multiple lateral metastasis, and revisional surgery.