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Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. H...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744706/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boc.201400094 |
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author | Casar Tena, Teresa Burkhalter, Martin D. Philipp, Melanie |
author_facet | Casar Tena, Teresa Burkhalter, Martin D. Philipp, Melanie |
author_sort | Casar Tena, Teresa |
collection | PubMed |
description | The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. Humans who suffer from dysfunctional cilia often develop conditions such as heterotaxy, where internal organs appear to be placed randomly. As a consequence to this failure in asymmetry development, serious complications such as congenital heart defects (CHD) occur. The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has recently emerged as an important regulator regarding symmetry breaking. The mTOR pathway governs fundamental processes such as protein translation or metabolism. Its activity can be transduced by two complexes, which are called TORC1 and TORC2, respectively. So far, only TORC1 has been implicated with asymmetry development and appears to require very precise regulation. A number of recent papers provided evidence that dysregulated TORC1 results in alterations of motile cilia and asymmetry defects. In here, we give an update on what we know so far of mTORC1 in LR asymmetry development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4744706 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-47447062016-02-18 Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far Casar Tena, Teresa Burkhalter, Martin D. Philipp, Melanie Biol Cell Reviews The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. Humans who suffer from dysfunctional cilia often develop conditions such as heterotaxy, where internal organs appear to be placed randomly. As a consequence to this failure in asymmetry development, serious complications such as congenital heart defects (CHD) occur. The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has recently emerged as an important regulator regarding symmetry breaking. The mTOR pathway governs fundamental processes such as protein translation or metabolism. Its activity can be transduced by two complexes, which are called TORC1 and TORC2, respectively. So far, only TORC1 has been implicated with asymmetry development and appears to require very precise regulation. A number of recent papers provided evidence that dysregulated TORC1 results in alterations of motile cilia and asymmetry defects. In here, we give an update on what we know so far of mTORC1 in LR asymmetry development. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2015-06-11 2015-09 /pmc/articles/PMC4744706/ /pubmed/25943139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boc.201400094 Text en © 2015 The Authors. Biology of the Cell published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Société Française des Microscopies and Société de Biologie Cellulaire de France. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
spellingShingle | Reviews Casar Tena, Teresa Burkhalter, Martin D. Philipp, Melanie Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far |
title | Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far |
title_full | Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far |
title_fullStr | Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far |
title_full_unstemmed | Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far |
title_short | Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far |
title_sort | left‐right asymmetry in the light of tor: an update on what we know so far |
topic | Reviews |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744706/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boc.201400094 |
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