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Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far

The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. H...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Casar Tena, Teresa, Burkhalter, Martin D., Philipp, Melanie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744706/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943139
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boc.201400094
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author Casar Tena, Teresa
Burkhalter, Martin D.
Philipp, Melanie
author_facet Casar Tena, Teresa
Burkhalter, Martin D.
Philipp, Melanie
author_sort Casar Tena, Teresa
collection PubMed
description The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. Humans who suffer from dysfunctional cilia often develop conditions such as heterotaxy, where internal organs appear to be placed randomly. As a consequence to this failure in asymmetry development, serious complications such as congenital heart defects (CHD) occur. The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has recently emerged as an important regulator regarding symmetry breaking. The mTOR pathway governs fundamental processes such as protein translation or metabolism. Its activity can be transduced by two complexes, which are called TORC1 and TORC2, respectively. So far, only TORC1 has been implicated with asymmetry development and appears to require very precise regulation. A number of recent papers provided evidence that dysregulated TORC1 results in alterations of motile cilia and asymmetry defects. In here, we give an update on what we know so far of mTORC1 in LR asymmetry development.
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spelling pubmed-47447062016-02-18 Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far Casar Tena, Teresa Burkhalter, Martin D. Philipp, Melanie Biol Cell Reviews The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. Humans who suffer from dysfunctional cilia often develop conditions such as heterotaxy, where internal organs appear to be placed randomly. As a consequence to this failure in asymmetry development, serious complications such as congenital heart defects (CHD) occur. The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has recently emerged as an important regulator regarding symmetry breaking. The mTOR pathway governs fundamental processes such as protein translation or metabolism. Its activity can be transduced by two complexes, which are called TORC1 and TORC2, respectively. So far, only TORC1 has been implicated with asymmetry development and appears to require very precise regulation. A number of recent papers provided evidence that dysregulated TORC1 results in alterations of motile cilia and asymmetry defects. In here, we give an update on what we know so far of mTORC1 in LR asymmetry development. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2015-06-11 2015-09 /pmc/articles/PMC4744706/ /pubmed/25943139 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boc.201400094 Text en © 2015 The Authors. Biology of the Cell published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Société Française des Microscopies and Société de Biologie Cellulaire de France. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
spellingShingle Reviews
Casar Tena, Teresa
Burkhalter, Martin D.
Philipp, Melanie
Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
title Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
title_full Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
title_fullStr Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
title_full_unstemmed Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
title_short Left‐right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far
title_sort left‐right asymmetry in the light of tor: an update on what we know so far
topic Reviews
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744706/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943139
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boc.201400094
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