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Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report
Arboviral diseases are expanding worldwide, yet global surveillance is often limited due to diplomatic and cultural barriers between nations. With human encroachment into new habitats, mosquito-borne viruses are also invading new areas. The actual prevalence of expanding arboviruses is unknown in Pa...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754388/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909342 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00008 |
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author | Khan, Erum Farooqi, Joveria Q. Barr, Kelli L. Prakoso, Dhani Nasir, Amna Kanji, Akbar Shakoor, Sadia Malik, Faisal Riaz Hasan, Rumina Lednicky, John A. Long, Maureen T. |
author_facet | Khan, Erum Farooqi, Joveria Q. Barr, Kelli L. Prakoso, Dhani Nasir, Amna Kanji, Akbar Shakoor, Sadia Malik, Faisal Riaz Hasan, Rumina Lednicky, John A. Long, Maureen T. |
author_sort | Khan, Erum |
collection | PubMed |
description | Arboviral diseases are expanding worldwide, yet global surveillance is often limited due to diplomatic and cultural barriers between nations. With human encroachment into new habitats, mosquito-borne viruses are also invading new areas. The actual prevalence of expanding arboviruses is unknown in Pakistan due to inappropriate diagnosis and poor testing for arboviral diseases. The primary objective of this study was to document evidence of flavivirus infections as the cause of undifferentiated fever in Pakistan. Through a cooperative effort between the USA and Pakistan, patient exposure to dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was examined in Sindh Province for the first time in decades. Initial results from the 2015 arbovirus season consisting of a cross-sectional study of 467 patients in 5 sites, DENV NS1 antigen was identified in 63 of the screened subjects, WNV IgM antibodies in 16 patients, and JEV IgM antibodies in 32 patients. In addition, a number of practical findings were made including (1) in silico optimization of RT-PCR primers for flavivirus strains circulating in the Middle East, (2) shipping and storage of RT-PCR master mix and other reagents at ambient temperature, (3) Smart phone applications for the collection of data in areas with limited infrastructure, and (4) fast and reliable shipping for transport of reagents and specimens to and from the Middle East. Furthermore, this work is producing a group of highly trained local scientists and medical professionals disseminating modern scientific methods and more accurate diagnostic procedures to the community. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4754388 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-47543882016-02-23 Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report Khan, Erum Farooqi, Joveria Q. Barr, Kelli L. Prakoso, Dhani Nasir, Amna Kanji, Akbar Shakoor, Sadia Malik, Faisal Riaz Hasan, Rumina Lednicky, John A. Long, Maureen T. Front Public Health Public Health Arboviral diseases are expanding worldwide, yet global surveillance is often limited due to diplomatic and cultural barriers between nations. With human encroachment into new habitats, mosquito-borne viruses are also invading new areas. The actual prevalence of expanding arboviruses is unknown in Pakistan due to inappropriate diagnosis and poor testing for arboviral diseases. The primary objective of this study was to document evidence of flavivirus infections as the cause of undifferentiated fever in Pakistan. Through a cooperative effort between the USA and Pakistan, patient exposure to dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was examined in Sindh Province for the first time in decades. Initial results from the 2015 arbovirus season consisting of a cross-sectional study of 467 patients in 5 sites, DENV NS1 antigen was identified in 63 of the screened subjects, WNV IgM antibodies in 16 patients, and JEV IgM antibodies in 32 patients. In addition, a number of practical findings were made including (1) in silico optimization of RT-PCR primers for flavivirus strains circulating in the Middle East, (2) shipping and storage of RT-PCR master mix and other reagents at ambient temperature, (3) Smart phone applications for the collection of data in areas with limited infrastructure, and (4) fast and reliable shipping for transport of reagents and specimens to and from the Middle East. Furthermore, this work is producing a group of highly trained local scientists and medical professionals disseminating modern scientific methods and more accurate diagnostic procedures to the community. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-02-16 /pmc/articles/PMC4754388/ /pubmed/26909342 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00008 Text en Copyright © 2016 Khan, Farooqi, Barr, Prakoso, Nasir, Kanji, Shakoor, Malik, Hasan, Lednicky and Long. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Khan, Erum Farooqi, Joveria Q. Barr, Kelli L. Prakoso, Dhani Nasir, Amna Kanji, Akbar Shakoor, Sadia Malik, Faisal Riaz Hasan, Rumina Lednicky, John A. Long, Maureen T. Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report |
title | Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report |
title_full | Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report |
title_fullStr | Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report |
title_full_unstemmed | Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report |
title_short | Flaviviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary Report |
title_sort | flaviviruses as a cause of undifferentiated fever in sindh province, pakistan: a preliminary report |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754388/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909342 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00008 |
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