Nanoarchitectured Nb(2)O(5) hollow, Nb(2)O(5)@carbon and NbO(2)@carbon Core-Shell Microspheres for Ultrahigh-Rate Intercalation Pseudocapacitors

Li-ion intercalation materials with extremely high rate capability will blur the distinction between batteries and supercapacitors. We construct a series of nanoarchitectured intercalation materials including orthorhombic (o-) Nb(2)O(5) hollow microspheres, o-Nb(2)O(5)@carbon core-shell microspheres and tetragonal (t-) NbO(2)@carbon core-shell microspheres, through a one-pot hydrothermal method with different post-treatments. These nanoarchitectured materials consist of small nanocrystals with highly exposed active surface, and all of them demonstrate good Li(+) intercalation pseudocapacitive properties. In particular, o-Nb(2)O(5) hollow microspheres can deliver the specific capacitance of 488.3 F g(−1), and good rate performance of 126.7 F g(−1) at 50 A g(−1). The o-Nb(2)O(5)@carbon core-shell microspheres show enhanced specific capacitance of 502.2 F g(−1) and much improved rate performance (213.4 F g(−1) at 50 A g(−1)). Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time, t-NbO(2) exhibits much higher rate capability than o-Nb(2)O(5). For discharging time as fast as 5.9 s (50 A g(−1)), it still exhibits a very high specific capacitance of 245.8 F g(−1), which is 65.2% retention of the initial capacitance (377.0 F g(−1) at 1 A g(−1)). The unprecedented rate capability is an intrinsic feature of t-NbO(2), which may be due to the conductive lithiated compounds.