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Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games

Small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs) in sport have been modelled as complex adaptive systems. Research has shown that the relative space per player (RSP) formulated in SSCGs can impact on emergent tactical behaviours. In this study we adopted a systems orientation to analyse how different RSP v...

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Autores principales: Silva, Pedro, Vilar, Luís, Davids, Keith, Araújo, Duarte, Garganta, Júlio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4769238/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27026887
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1813-5
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author Silva, Pedro
Vilar, Luís
Davids, Keith
Araújo, Duarte
Garganta, Júlio
author_facet Silva, Pedro
Vilar, Luís
Davids, Keith
Araújo, Duarte
Garganta, Júlio
author_sort Silva, Pedro
collection PubMed
description Small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs) in sport have been modelled as complex adaptive systems. Research has shown that the relative space per player (RSP) formulated in SSCGs can impact on emergent tactical behaviours. In this study we adopted a systems orientation to analyse how different RSP values, obtained through manipulations of player numbers, influenced four measures of interpersonal coordination observed during performance in SSCGs. For this purpose we calculated positional data (GPS 15 Hz) from ten U-15 football players performing in three SSCGs varying in player numbers (3v3, 4v4 and 5v5). Key measures of SSCG system behaviours included values of (1) players’ dispersion, (2) teams’ separateness, (3) coupling strength and time delays between participants’ emerging movements, respectively. Results showed that values of participants’ dispersion increased, but the teams’ separateness remained identical across treatments. Coupling strength and time delay also showed consistent values across SSCGs. These results exemplified how complex adaptive systems, like football teams, can harness inherent degeneracy to maintain similar team spatial–temporal relations with opponents through changes in inter-individual coordination modes (i.e., players’ dispersion). The results imply that different team behaviours might emerge at different ratios of field dimension/player numbers. Therefore, sport pedagogists should carefully evaluate the effects of changing RSP in SSCGs as a way of promoting increased or decreased pressure on players.
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spelling pubmed-47692382016-03-29 Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games Silva, Pedro Vilar, Luís Davids, Keith Araújo, Duarte Garganta, Júlio Springerplus Research Small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs) in sport have been modelled as complex adaptive systems. Research has shown that the relative space per player (RSP) formulated in SSCGs can impact on emergent tactical behaviours. In this study we adopted a systems orientation to analyse how different RSP values, obtained through manipulations of player numbers, influenced four measures of interpersonal coordination observed during performance in SSCGs. For this purpose we calculated positional data (GPS 15 Hz) from ten U-15 football players performing in three SSCGs varying in player numbers (3v3, 4v4 and 5v5). Key measures of SSCG system behaviours included values of (1) players’ dispersion, (2) teams’ separateness, (3) coupling strength and time delays between participants’ emerging movements, respectively. Results showed that values of participants’ dispersion increased, but the teams’ separateness remained identical across treatments. Coupling strength and time delay also showed consistent values across SSCGs. These results exemplified how complex adaptive systems, like football teams, can harness inherent degeneracy to maintain similar team spatial–temporal relations with opponents through changes in inter-individual coordination modes (i.e., players’ dispersion). The results imply that different team behaviours might emerge at different ratios of field dimension/player numbers. Therefore, sport pedagogists should carefully evaluate the effects of changing RSP in SSCGs as a way of promoting increased or decreased pressure on players. Springer International Publishing 2016-02-27 /pmc/articles/PMC4769238/ /pubmed/27026887 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1813-5 Text en © Silva et al. 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Research
Silva, Pedro
Vilar, Luís
Davids, Keith
Araújo, Duarte
Garganta, Júlio
Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
title Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
title_full Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
title_fullStr Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
title_full_unstemmed Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
title_short Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
title_sort sports teams as complex adaptive systems: manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4769238/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27026887
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1813-5
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