Arsenic trioxide inhibits viability and induces apoptosis through reactivating the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled related protein-1 in prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor cell growth in prostate cancer (PCa), although details of the mechanism are still inconclusive. We investigated the antitumor effect of As(2)O(3) in human PCa cell lines LNCaP and PC3 and the underlying mechanisms by focusing on the Wnt signaling pathway. METHODS: The effect of As(2)O(3) on the viability and apoptosis of PCa cells was investigated by cholecystokinin-8 and flow cytometry. The expression of the related proteins in the Wnt signaling pathway and the downstream target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway was examined by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR assay. The methylation status of the SFRP1 gene promoter was assessed by bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS: As(2)O(3) inhibited the viability of PCa cells and induced apoptosis of PCa cells in a dose-dependent manner. The protein level of phosphoglycogen synthase kinase-3β was upregulated, whereas the protein level of β-catenin and the mRNA levels of c-MYC, MMP-7, and COX-2 were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner in PCa cells treated with As(2)O(3). In addition, As(2)O(3) upregulated the protein and mRNA levels of secreted frizzled related protein-1, and increased the demethylation of the SFRP1 gene promoter. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that As(2)O(3) may inhibit cell viability and induce apoptosis through reactivating the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled related protein-1 in both androgen-dependent and -independent human PCa.