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In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones
PURPOSE: The retinoid cycle maintains vision by regenerating bleached visual pigment through metabolic events, the kinetics of which have been difficult to characterize in vivo. Two-photon fluorescence excitation has been used previously to track autofluorescence directly from retinoids and pyridine...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903225 http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17946 |
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author | Sharma, Robin Schwarz, Christina Williams, David R. Palczewska, Grazyna Palczewski, Krzysztof Hunter, Jennifer J. |
author_facet | Sharma, Robin Schwarz, Christina Williams, David R. Palczewska, Grazyna Palczewski, Krzysztof Hunter, Jennifer J. |
author_sort | Sharma, Robin |
collection | PubMed |
description | PURPOSE: The retinoid cycle maintains vision by regenerating bleached visual pigment through metabolic events, the kinetics of which have been difficult to characterize in vivo. Two-photon fluorescence excitation has been used previously to track autofluorescence directly from retinoids and pyridines in the visual cycle in mouse and frog retinas, but the mechanisms of the retinoid cycle are not well understood in primates. METHODS: We developed a two-photon fluorescence adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope dedicated to in vivo imaging in anesthetized macaques. Using pulsed light at 730 nm, two-photon fluorescence was captured from rods and cones during light and dark adaptation through the eye's pupil. RESULTS: The fluorescence from rods and cones increased with light exposure but at different rates. During dark adaptation, autofluorescence declined, with cone autofluorescence decreasing approximately 4 times faster than from rods. Rates of autofluorescence decrease in rods and cones were approximately 4 times faster than their respective rates of photopigment regeneration. Also, subsets of sparsely distributed cones were less fluorescent than their neighbors immediately following bleach at 565 nm and they were comparable with the S cone mosaic in density and distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Although other molecules could be contributing, we posit that these fluorescence changes are mediated by products of the retinoid cycle. In vivo two-photon ophthalmoscopy provides a way to monitor noninvasively stages of the retinoid cycle that were previously inaccessible in the living primate eye. This can be used to assess objectively photoreceptor function in normal and diseased retinas. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4771186 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-47711862016-08-01 In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones Sharma, Robin Schwarz, Christina Williams, David R. Palczewska, Grazyna Palczewski, Krzysztof Hunter, Jennifer J. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging PURPOSE: The retinoid cycle maintains vision by regenerating bleached visual pigment through metabolic events, the kinetics of which have been difficult to characterize in vivo. Two-photon fluorescence excitation has been used previously to track autofluorescence directly from retinoids and pyridines in the visual cycle in mouse and frog retinas, but the mechanisms of the retinoid cycle are not well understood in primates. METHODS: We developed a two-photon fluorescence adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope dedicated to in vivo imaging in anesthetized macaques. Using pulsed light at 730 nm, two-photon fluorescence was captured from rods and cones during light and dark adaptation through the eye's pupil. RESULTS: The fluorescence from rods and cones increased with light exposure but at different rates. During dark adaptation, autofluorescence declined, with cone autofluorescence decreasing approximately 4 times faster than from rods. Rates of autofluorescence decrease in rods and cones were approximately 4 times faster than their respective rates of photopigment regeneration. Also, subsets of sparsely distributed cones were less fluorescent than their neighbors immediately following bleach at 565 nm and they were comparable with the S cone mosaic in density and distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Although other molecules could be contributing, we posit that these fluorescence changes are mediated by products of the retinoid cycle. In vivo two-photon ophthalmoscopy provides a way to monitor noninvasively stages of the retinoid cycle that were previously inaccessible in the living primate eye. This can be used to assess objectively photoreceptor function in normal and diseased retinas. The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 2016-02-19 2016-02 /pmc/articles/PMC4771186/ /pubmed/26903225 http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17946 Text en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. |
spellingShingle | Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging Sharma, Robin Schwarz, Christina Williams, David R. Palczewska, Grazyna Palczewski, Krzysztof Hunter, Jennifer J. In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones |
title | In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones |
title_full | In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones |
title_fullStr | In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones |
title_full_unstemmed | In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones |
title_short | In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Kinetics of Primate Rods and Cones |
title_sort | in vivo two-photon fluorescence kinetics of primate rods and cones |
topic | Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903225 http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17946 |
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