Nitro-Arachidonic Acid Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Cell Line of Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells

Nitro-arachidonic acid (NO(2)-AA) is a cell signaling nitroalkene that exerts anti-inflammatory activities during macrophage activation. While angiotensin II (ANG II) produces an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tubular cells, little is known regarding the potential protective effects of NO(2)-AA in ANG II-mediated kidney injury. As such, this study examines the impact of NO(2)-AA on ANG II-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in an immortalized renal proximal tubule cell line (HK-2 cells). Treatment of HK-2 cells with ANG II increases the production of superoxide (O(2)(●-)), nitric oxide ((●)NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression, peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Using high-resolution respirometry, it was observed that the presence of NO(2)-AA prevented ANG II-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Attempting to address mechanism, we treated isolated rat kidney mitochondria with ONOO(-), a key mediator of ANG II-induced mitochondrial damage, in the presence or absence of NO(2)-AA. Whereas the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATP synthase (ATPase) were diminished upon exposure to ONOO-, they were restored by pre-incubating the mitochondria with NO(2)-AA. Moreover, NO(2)-AA prevents oxidation and nitration of mitochondrial proteins. Combined, these data demonstrate that ANG II-mediated oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction is abrogated by NO(2)-AA, identifying this compound as a promising pharmacological tool to prevent ANG II–induced renal disease.