Intercalation-assisted longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes for green and scalable synthesis of graphene nanoribbons

We have demonstrated an effective intercalation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the green and scalable synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) using an intercalation-assisted longitudinal unzipping of MWCNTs. The key step is to introduce an intercalation treatment of raw MWCNTs with KNO(3) and H(2)SO(4), making it promising to decrease the strong van der Waals attractions in the MWCNTs bundles and between the coaxial graphene walls of CNTs. Systematic micro Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations suggest that potassium, nitrate, and sulfate ions play an important role in the CNT intertube and intratube intercalations during the pretreatment. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, XRD, and micro Raman characterizations indicate that the developed methodology possesses the ability to synthesis GNRs effectively with an improved CNT concentration in H(2)SO(4) of 10 mg/ml at 70 °C, which is amenable to industrial-scale production because of the decreased amount of strong acid. Our work provides a scientific understanding how to enhance the GNR formation by accelerating the CNT longitudinal unzipping via suitable molecular intercalation.