Cargando…

Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives

The production of compound adhesives using disparate ingredients is seen as some of the best evidence of advanced cognition outside of the use of symbolism. Previous field and laboratory testing of adhesives has shown the complexities involved in creating an effective Middle Stone Age glue using Aca...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kozowyk, P. R. B., Langejans, G. H. J., Poulis, J. A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794155/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26983080
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150436
_version_ 1782421442377285632
author Kozowyk, P. R. B.
Langejans, G. H. J.
Poulis, J. A.
author_facet Kozowyk, P. R. B.
Langejans, G. H. J.
Poulis, J. A.
author_sort Kozowyk, P. R. B.
collection PubMed
description The production of compound adhesives using disparate ingredients is seen as some of the best evidence of advanced cognition outside of the use of symbolism. Previous field and laboratory testing of adhesives has shown the complexities involved in creating an effective Middle Stone Age glue using Acacia gum. However, it is currently unclear how efficient different adhesive recipes are, how much specific ingredients influence their performance, and how difficult it may have been for those ingredients to be combined to maximum effect. We conducted a series of laboratory-based lap shear and impact tests, following modern adhesion testing standards, to determine the efficacy of compound adhesives, with particular regard to the ingredient ratios. We tested rosin (colophony) and gum adhesives, containing additives of beeswax and ochre in varying ratios. During both lap shear and impact tests compound rosin adhesives performed better than single component rosin adhesives, and pure acacia gum was the strongest. The large difference in performance between each base adhesive and the significant changes in performance that occur due to relatively small changes in ingredient ratios lend further support to the notion that high levels of skill and knowledge were required to consistently produce the most effective adhesives.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-4794155
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2016
publisher Public Library of Science
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-47941552016-03-23 Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives Kozowyk, P. R. B. Langejans, G. H. J. Poulis, J. A. PLoS One Research Article The production of compound adhesives using disparate ingredients is seen as some of the best evidence of advanced cognition outside of the use of symbolism. Previous field and laboratory testing of adhesives has shown the complexities involved in creating an effective Middle Stone Age glue using Acacia gum. However, it is currently unclear how efficient different adhesive recipes are, how much specific ingredients influence their performance, and how difficult it may have been for those ingredients to be combined to maximum effect. We conducted a series of laboratory-based lap shear and impact tests, following modern adhesion testing standards, to determine the efficacy of compound adhesives, with particular regard to the ingredient ratios. We tested rosin (colophony) and gum adhesives, containing additives of beeswax and ochre in varying ratios. During both lap shear and impact tests compound rosin adhesives performed better than single component rosin adhesives, and pure acacia gum was the strongest. The large difference in performance between each base adhesive and the significant changes in performance that occur due to relatively small changes in ingredient ratios lend further support to the notion that high levels of skill and knowledge were required to consistently produce the most effective adhesives. Public Library of Science 2016-03-16 /pmc/articles/PMC4794155/ /pubmed/26983080 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150436 Text en © 2016 Kozowyk et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Kozowyk, P. R. B.
Langejans, G. H. J.
Poulis, J. A.
Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives
title Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives
title_full Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives
title_fullStr Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives
title_full_unstemmed Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives
title_short Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives
title_sort lap shear and impact testing of ochre and beeswax in experimental middle stone age compound adhesives
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794155/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26983080
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150436
work_keys_str_mv AT kozowykprb lapshearandimpacttestingofochreandbeeswaxinexperimentalmiddlestoneagecompoundadhesives
AT langejansghj lapshearandimpacttestingofochreandbeeswaxinexperimentalmiddlestoneagecompoundadhesives
AT poulisja lapshearandimpacttestingofochreandbeeswaxinexperimentalmiddlestoneagecompoundadhesives