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Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis

Differentiation into infectious cysts through the process of encystation is crucial for transmission and survival of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Hitherto the majority of studies have focused on the early events, leaving late encystation poorly defined. In order to further...

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Autores principales: Einarsson, Elin, Troell, Karin, Hoeppner, Marc P., Grabherr, Manfred, Ribacke, Ulf, Svärd, Staffan G.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807828/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27015092
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004571
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author Einarsson, Elin
Troell, Karin
Hoeppner, Marc P.
Grabherr, Manfred
Ribacke, Ulf
Svärd, Staffan G.
author_facet Einarsson, Elin
Troell, Karin
Hoeppner, Marc P.
Grabherr, Manfred
Ribacke, Ulf
Svärd, Staffan G.
author_sort Einarsson, Elin
collection PubMed
description Differentiation into infectious cysts through the process of encystation is crucial for transmission and survival of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Hitherto the majority of studies have focused on the early events, leaving late encystation poorly defined. In order to further study encystation, focusing on the later events, we developed a new encystation protocol that generates a higher yield of mature cysts compared to standard methods. Transcriptome changes during the entire differentiation from trophozoites to cysts were thereafter studied using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A high level of periodicity was observed for up- and down-regulated genes, both at the level of the entire transcriptome and putative regulators. This suggests the trajectory of differentiation to be coordinated through developmentally linked gene regulatory activities. Our study identifies a core of 13 genes that are consistently up-regulated during initial encystation. Of these, two constitute previously uncharacterized proteins that we were able to localize to a new type of encystation-specific vesicles. Interestingly, the largest transcriptional changes were seen in the late phase of encystation with the majority of the highly up-regulated genes encoding hypothetical proteins. Several of these were epitope-tagged and localized to further characterize these previously unknown genetic components of encystation and possibly excystation. Finally, we also detected a switch of variant specific surface proteins (VSPs) in the late phase of encystation. This occurred at the same time as nuclear division and DNA replication, suggesting a potential link between the processes.
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spelling pubmed-48078282016-04-05 Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis Einarsson, Elin Troell, Karin Hoeppner, Marc P. Grabherr, Manfred Ribacke, Ulf Svärd, Staffan G. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article Differentiation into infectious cysts through the process of encystation is crucial for transmission and survival of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Hitherto the majority of studies have focused on the early events, leaving late encystation poorly defined. In order to further study encystation, focusing on the later events, we developed a new encystation protocol that generates a higher yield of mature cysts compared to standard methods. Transcriptome changes during the entire differentiation from trophozoites to cysts were thereafter studied using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A high level of periodicity was observed for up- and down-regulated genes, both at the level of the entire transcriptome and putative regulators. This suggests the trajectory of differentiation to be coordinated through developmentally linked gene regulatory activities. Our study identifies a core of 13 genes that are consistently up-regulated during initial encystation. Of these, two constitute previously uncharacterized proteins that we were able to localize to a new type of encystation-specific vesicles. Interestingly, the largest transcriptional changes were seen in the late phase of encystation with the majority of the highly up-regulated genes encoding hypothetical proteins. Several of these were epitope-tagged and localized to further characterize these previously unknown genetic components of encystation and possibly excystation. Finally, we also detected a switch of variant specific surface proteins (VSPs) in the late phase of encystation. This occurred at the same time as nuclear division and DNA replication, suggesting a potential link between the processes. Public Library of Science 2016-03-25 /pmc/articles/PMC4807828/ /pubmed/27015092 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004571 Text en © 2016 Einarsson et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Einarsson, Elin
Troell, Karin
Hoeppner, Marc P.
Grabherr, Manfred
Ribacke, Ulf
Svärd, Staffan G.
Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
title Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
title_full Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
title_fullStr Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
title_full_unstemmed Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
title_short Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
title_sort coordinated changes in gene expression throughout encystation of giardia intestinalis
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807828/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27015092
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004571
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