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Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration

Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing diff...

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Autores principales: Kauppinen, Anu, Paterno, Jussi J., Blasiak, Janusz, Salminen, Antero, Kaarniranta, Kai
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819943/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852158
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8
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author Kauppinen, Anu
Paterno, Jussi J.
Blasiak, Janusz
Salminen, Antero
Kaarniranta, Kai
author_facet Kauppinen, Anu
Paterno, Jussi J.
Blasiak, Janusz
Salminen, Antero
Kaarniranta, Kai
author_sort Kauppinen, Anu
collection PubMed
description Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing different pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Cytokines and chemokines represent alarm messages for leukocytes and once activated, these cells travel long distances to targeted inflamed tissues. Although it is a crucial survival mechanism, prolonged inflammation is detrimental and participates in numerous chronic age-related diseases. This article will review the onset of inflammation and link its functions to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of severe vision loss in aged individuals in the developed countries. In this progressive disease, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in the death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of central vision. The RPE is prone to oxidative stress, a factor that together with deteriorating functionality, e.g. decreased intracellular recycling and degradation due to attenuated heterophagy/autophagy, induces inflammation. In the early phases, accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin in the RPE and extracellular drusen between RPE cells and Bruch’s membrane can be clinically detected. Subsequently, in dry (atrophic) AMD there is geographic atrophy with discrete areas of RPE loss whereas in the wet (exudative) form there is neovascularization penetrating from the choroid to retinal layers. Elevations in levels of local and systemic biomarkers indicate that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disease forms.
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spelling pubmed-48199432016-04-11 Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration Kauppinen, Anu Paterno, Jussi J. Blasiak, Janusz Salminen, Antero Kaarniranta, Kai Cell Mol Life Sci Review Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing different pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Cytokines and chemokines represent alarm messages for leukocytes and once activated, these cells travel long distances to targeted inflamed tissues. Although it is a crucial survival mechanism, prolonged inflammation is detrimental and participates in numerous chronic age-related diseases. This article will review the onset of inflammation and link its functions to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of severe vision loss in aged individuals in the developed countries. In this progressive disease, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in the death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of central vision. The RPE is prone to oxidative stress, a factor that together with deteriorating functionality, e.g. decreased intracellular recycling and degradation due to attenuated heterophagy/autophagy, induces inflammation. In the early phases, accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin in the RPE and extracellular drusen between RPE cells and Bruch’s membrane can be clinically detected. Subsequently, in dry (atrophic) AMD there is geographic atrophy with discrete areas of RPE loss whereas in the wet (exudative) form there is neovascularization penetrating from the choroid to retinal layers. Elevations in levels of local and systemic biomarkers indicate that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disease forms. Springer International Publishing 2016-02-06 2016 /pmc/articles/PMC4819943/ /pubmed/26852158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8 Text en © The Author(s) 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Review
Kauppinen, Anu
Paterno, Jussi J.
Blasiak, Janusz
Salminen, Antero
Kaarniranta, Kai
Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
title Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
title_full Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
title_fullStr Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
title_full_unstemmed Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
title_short Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
title_sort inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819943/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852158
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8
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