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Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)

BACKGROUND: The sleeping sickness focus of Campo in South Cameroon is still active, at a low endemic level, for more than a century, despite a regular medical surveillance. The present study focuses on the spatial distribution of xenomonitoring information obtained from an entomological survey perfo...

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Autores principales: Grébaut, Pascal, Melachio, Trésor, Nyangmang, Simplice, Eyenga, Vincent Ebo’o, Njitchouang, Guy-Roger, Ofon, Elvis, Njiokou, Flobert, Simo, Gustave
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4830064/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071554
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1479-4
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author Grébaut, Pascal
Melachio, Trésor
Nyangmang, Simplice
Eyenga, Vincent Ebo’o
Njitchouang, Guy-Roger
Ofon, Elvis
Njiokou, Flobert
Simo, Gustave
author_facet Grébaut, Pascal
Melachio, Trésor
Nyangmang, Simplice
Eyenga, Vincent Ebo’o
Njitchouang, Guy-Roger
Ofon, Elvis
Njiokou, Flobert
Simo, Gustave
author_sort Grébaut, Pascal
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The sleeping sickness focus of Campo in South Cameroon is still active, at a low endemic level, for more than a century, despite a regular medical surveillance. The present study focuses on the spatial distribution of xenomonitoring information obtained from an entomological survey performed in the dry season 2012. It appears that humans constitute a third of the blood meals and that the flies’ densities were coherent with those classically observed in the different biotopes. Paradoxically, the epicenter of the focus is the place where the risk indicators are the lowest ones. METHODS: Particular attention was paid to the entomological device so that it covered the main part of human activities in the study area. One hundred and sixty-two pyramidal traps were used to catch tsetse flies twice a day that were identified, counted, dissected. Molecular analysis using classical and specific molecular markers was conducted to determine the importance of trypanosome infections and the nature of the feeding hosts. This information was used to calculate a Transmission Risk Index and to define a gradient of risk that was projected into a Geographical Information System. RESULTS: Conventional entomological indicators such as species identification of tsetse flies or the Apparent Density per Trap per day, show that Glossina palpalis palpalis is the main species in the campo area which is classically distributed into the different biotopes of the study area. Molecular analysis reveals that humans constitute a third of the blood feeding hosts and that 20 % of the dissected flies were infected with trypanosomes, principally with Nannomonas. Nevertheless, one fly was carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the pathogen agent of sleeping sickness, showing that the reservoir is still active in the epicenter of the focus. Paradoxically, the Transmission Risk Index is not important in the epicenter, demonstrating that endemic events are not only depending on the man/vector contact. CONCLUSION: Xenomonitoring provides a valuable guide/tool to determine places at higher risk for vector/human contact and to identify trypanosomes species circulating in the focus. This information from xenomonitoring demonstrates that decision makers should include a veterinary device in a control strategy.
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spelling pubmed-48300642016-04-14 Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon) Grébaut, Pascal Melachio, Trésor Nyangmang, Simplice Eyenga, Vincent Ebo’o Njitchouang, Guy-Roger Ofon, Elvis Njiokou, Flobert Simo, Gustave Parasit Vectors Research BACKGROUND: The sleeping sickness focus of Campo in South Cameroon is still active, at a low endemic level, for more than a century, despite a regular medical surveillance. The present study focuses on the spatial distribution of xenomonitoring information obtained from an entomological survey performed in the dry season 2012. It appears that humans constitute a third of the blood meals and that the flies’ densities were coherent with those classically observed in the different biotopes. Paradoxically, the epicenter of the focus is the place where the risk indicators are the lowest ones. METHODS: Particular attention was paid to the entomological device so that it covered the main part of human activities in the study area. One hundred and sixty-two pyramidal traps were used to catch tsetse flies twice a day that were identified, counted, dissected. Molecular analysis using classical and specific molecular markers was conducted to determine the importance of trypanosome infections and the nature of the feeding hosts. This information was used to calculate a Transmission Risk Index and to define a gradient of risk that was projected into a Geographical Information System. RESULTS: Conventional entomological indicators such as species identification of tsetse flies or the Apparent Density per Trap per day, show that Glossina palpalis palpalis is the main species in the campo area which is classically distributed into the different biotopes of the study area. Molecular analysis reveals that humans constitute a third of the blood feeding hosts and that 20 % of the dissected flies were infected with trypanosomes, principally with Nannomonas. Nevertheless, one fly was carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the pathogen agent of sleeping sickness, showing that the reservoir is still active in the epicenter of the focus. Paradoxically, the Transmission Risk Index is not important in the epicenter, demonstrating that endemic events are not only depending on the man/vector contact. CONCLUSION: Xenomonitoring provides a valuable guide/tool to determine places at higher risk for vector/human contact and to identify trypanosomes species circulating in the focus. This information from xenomonitoring demonstrates that decision makers should include a veterinary device in a control strategy. BioMed Central 2016-04-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4830064/ /pubmed/27071554 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1479-4 Text en © Grébaut et al. 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research
Grébaut, Pascal
Melachio, Trésor
Nyangmang, Simplice
Eyenga, Vincent Ebo’o
Njitchouang, Guy-Roger
Ofon, Elvis
Njiokou, Flobert
Simo, Gustave
Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)
title Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)
title_full Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)
title_fullStr Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)
title_full_unstemmed Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)
title_short Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon)
title_sort xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in campo (cameroon)
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4830064/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071554
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1479-4
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