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Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses

Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small ubiquitous glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible reduction of protein disulfide bridges or protein-GSH mixed disulfide bonds via a dithiol or monothiol mechanism, respectively. Three major classes of GRXs, with the CPYC-type, the CGFS...

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Autor principal: Li, Shutian
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844277/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135520
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants3040559
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author Li, Shutian
author_facet Li, Shutian
author_sort Li, Shutian
collection PubMed
description Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small ubiquitous glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible reduction of protein disulfide bridges or protein-GSH mixed disulfide bonds via a dithiol or monothiol mechanism, respectively. Three major classes of GRXs, with the CPYC-type, the CGFS-type or the CC-type active site, have been identified in many plant species. In spite of the well-characterized roles for GRXs in Escherichia coli, yeast and humans, the biological functions of plant GRXs have been largely enigmatic. The CPYC-type and CGFS-type GRXs exist in all organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, whereas the CC-type class has thus far been solely identified in land plants. Only the number of the CC-type GRXs has enlarged dramatically during the evolution of land plants, suggesting their participation in the formation of more complex plants adapted to life on land. A growing body of evidence indicates that plant GRXs are involved in numerous cellular pathways. In this review, emphasis is placed on the recently emerging functions for GRXs in floral organ development and disease resistance. Notably, CC-type GRXs have been recruited to participate in these two seemingly unrelated processes. Besides, the current knowledge of plant GRXs in the assembly and delivery of iron-sulfur clusters, oxidative stress responses and arsenic resistance is also presented. As GRXs require GSH as an electron donor to reduce their target proteins, GSH-related developmental processes, including the control of flowering time and the development of postembryonic roots and shoots, are further discussed. Profiling the thiol redox proteome using high-throughput proteomic approaches and measuring cellular redox changes with fluorescent redox biosensors will help to further unravel the redox-regulated physiological processes in plants.
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spelling pubmed-48442772016-04-29 Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses Li, Shutian Plants (Basel) Review Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small ubiquitous glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible reduction of protein disulfide bridges or protein-GSH mixed disulfide bonds via a dithiol or monothiol mechanism, respectively. Three major classes of GRXs, with the CPYC-type, the CGFS-type or the CC-type active site, have been identified in many plant species. In spite of the well-characterized roles for GRXs in Escherichia coli, yeast and humans, the biological functions of plant GRXs have been largely enigmatic. The CPYC-type and CGFS-type GRXs exist in all organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, whereas the CC-type class has thus far been solely identified in land plants. Only the number of the CC-type GRXs has enlarged dramatically during the evolution of land plants, suggesting their participation in the formation of more complex plants adapted to life on land. A growing body of evidence indicates that plant GRXs are involved in numerous cellular pathways. In this review, emphasis is placed on the recently emerging functions for GRXs in floral organ development and disease resistance. Notably, CC-type GRXs have been recruited to participate in these two seemingly unrelated processes. Besides, the current knowledge of plant GRXs in the assembly and delivery of iron-sulfur clusters, oxidative stress responses and arsenic resistance is also presented. As GRXs require GSH as an electron donor to reduce their target proteins, GSH-related developmental processes, including the control of flowering time and the development of postembryonic roots and shoots, are further discussed. Profiling the thiol redox proteome using high-throughput proteomic approaches and measuring cellular redox changes with fluorescent redox biosensors will help to further unravel the redox-regulated physiological processes in plants. MDPI 2014-11-25 /pmc/articles/PMC4844277/ /pubmed/27135520 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants3040559 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Li, Shutian
Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses
title Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses
title_full Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses
title_fullStr Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses
title_full_unstemmed Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses
title_short Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses
title_sort redox modulation matters: emerging functions for glutaredoxins in plant development and stress responses
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844277/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135520
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants3040559
work_keys_str_mv AT lishutian redoxmodulationmattersemergingfunctionsforglutaredoxinsinplantdevelopmentandstressresponses