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The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities
Thyroid nodules (TNs) have annual increasing trends worldwide, and large-scale investigations on the prevalence of TNs in Beijing communities have not been conducted since the introduction of salt iodization in 1995. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of TNs, their epid...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847104/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27110805 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040442 |
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author | Jiang, Hua Tian, Yongfeng Yan, Wenhua Kong, Yue Wang, Haibin Wang, Anping Dou, Jingtao Liang, Ping Mu, Yiming |
author_facet | Jiang, Hua Tian, Yongfeng Yan, Wenhua Kong, Yue Wang, Haibin Wang, Anping Dou, Jingtao Liang, Ping Mu, Yiming |
author_sort | Jiang, Hua |
collection | PubMed |
description | Thyroid nodules (TNs) have annual increasing trends worldwide, and large-scale investigations on the prevalence of TNs in Beijing communities have not been conducted since the introduction of salt iodization in 1995. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of TNs, their epidemiological characteristics, and their correlation with lifestyle factors. A total of 6324 permanent residents aged 18 years or older (mean age, 52.15 ± 11.58 years) from seven representative communities in Beijing were included in the analyses. Once informed consent was obtained, the subjects were asked to complete questionnaires, a physical examination, and thyroid ultrasound. A total of 3100 cases had TNs. The overall prevalence rate was 49.0%, and the age-standardized prevalence was 40.1%, which increased significantly as age increased (p < 0.001). The prevalence was significantly higher in females compared to males (p < 0.001), and it was significantly higher among female current smokers and former smokers compared to non-smokers (p = 0.007). There was no correlation between alcohol consumption and TNs, and there were no significant differences in the prevalence among different groups of taste preference. The prevalence decreased with an increased frequency of seafood intake (p = 0.015) and with higher literacy levels (p < 0.001). The Cochran–Armitage trend test showed that the prevalence significantly increased with decreased physical labor and exercise intensity (p < 0.001, p = 0.009). Logistic regression analysis showed that age (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.039 (1.034–1.044), p < 0.001), the female sex (OR = 1.789 (1.527–2.097)), Body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.019 (1.005–1.034)), and current smoking habits (OR = 1.246 (1.046–1.483)) were independent risk factors for TNs. Our findings indicate that there is a high prevalence of TNs in Beijing, with a higher prevalence in females than in males. Moreover, the prevalence increases as age increases. Smoking and BMI are independent risk factors for TNs. Therefore, intervention against smoking and weight loss might help reduce the risk of TN occurrence. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4847104 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-48471042016-05-04 The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities Jiang, Hua Tian, Yongfeng Yan, Wenhua Kong, Yue Wang, Haibin Wang, Anping Dou, Jingtao Liang, Ping Mu, Yiming Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Thyroid nodules (TNs) have annual increasing trends worldwide, and large-scale investigations on the prevalence of TNs in Beijing communities have not been conducted since the introduction of salt iodization in 1995. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of TNs, their epidemiological characteristics, and their correlation with lifestyle factors. A total of 6324 permanent residents aged 18 years or older (mean age, 52.15 ± 11.58 years) from seven representative communities in Beijing were included in the analyses. Once informed consent was obtained, the subjects were asked to complete questionnaires, a physical examination, and thyroid ultrasound. A total of 3100 cases had TNs. The overall prevalence rate was 49.0%, and the age-standardized prevalence was 40.1%, which increased significantly as age increased (p < 0.001). The prevalence was significantly higher in females compared to males (p < 0.001), and it was significantly higher among female current smokers and former smokers compared to non-smokers (p = 0.007). There was no correlation between alcohol consumption and TNs, and there were no significant differences in the prevalence among different groups of taste preference. The prevalence decreased with an increased frequency of seafood intake (p = 0.015) and with higher literacy levels (p < 0.001). The Cochran–Armitage trend test showed that the prevalence significantly increased with decreased physical labor and exercise intensity (p < 0.001, p = 0.009). Logistic regression analysis showed that age (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.039 (1.034–1.044), p < 0.001), the female sex (OR = 1.789 (1.527–2.097)), Body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.019 (1.005–1.034)), and current smoking habits (OR = 1.246 (1.046–1.483)) were independent risk factors for TNs. Our findings indicate that there is a high prevalence of TNs in Beijing, with a higher prevalence in females than in males. Moreover, the prevalence increases as age increases. Smoking and BMI are independent risk factors for TNs. Therefore, intervention against smoking and weight loss might help reduce the risk of TN occurrence. MDPI 2016-04-22 2016-04 /pmc/articles/PMC4847104/ /pubmed/27110805 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040442 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Jiang, Hua Tian, Yongfeng Yan, Wenhua Kong, Yue Wang, Haibin Wang, Anping Dou, Jingtao Liang, Ping Mu, Yiming The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities |
title | The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities |
title_full | The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities |
title_fullStr | The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities |
title_full_unstemmed | The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities |
title_short | The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities |
title_sort | prevalence of thyroid nodules and an analysis of related lifestyle factors in beijing communities |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847104/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27110805 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040442 |
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