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Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells

The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens. The immune privilege of liver allografts was recognized...

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Autores principales: Horst, Andrea Kristina, Neumann, Katrin, Diehl, Linda, Tiegs, Gisa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856800/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041638
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2015.112
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author Horst, Andrea Kristina
Neumann, Katrin
Diehl, Linda
Tiegs, Gisa
author_facet Horst, Andrea Kristina
Neumann, Katrin
Diehl, Linda
Tiegs, Gisa
author_sort Horst, Andrea Kristina
collection PubMed
description The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens. The immune privilege of liver allografts was recognized first in pigs in spite of major histo-compatibility complex mismatch, and termed the “liver tolerance effect”. Furthermore, liver transplants are spontaneously accepted with only low-dose immunosuppression, and induce tolerance for non-hepatic co-transplanted allografts of the same donor. Although this immunotolerogenic environment is favorable in the setting of organ transplantation, it is detrimental in chronic infectious liver diseases like hepatitis B or C, malaria, schistosomiasis or tumorigenesis, leading to pathogen persistence and weak anti-tumor effects. The liver is a primary site of T-cell activation, but it elicits poor or incomplete activation of T cells, leading to their abortive activation, exhaustion, suppression of their effector function and early death. This is exploited by pathogens and can impair pathogen control and clearance or allow tumor growth. Hepatic priming of T cells is mediated by a number of local conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which promote tolerance by immune deviation, induction of T-cell anergy or apoptosis, and generating and expanding regulatory T cells. This review will focus on the communication between classical and nonclassical APCs and lymphocytes in the liver in tolerance induction and will discuss recent insights into the role of innate lymphocytes in this process.
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spelling pubmed-48568002016-05-20 Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells Horst, Andrea Kristina Neumann, Katrin Diehl, Linda Tiegs, Gisa Cell Mol Immunol Review The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens. The immune privilege of liver allografts was recognized first in pigs in spite of major histo-compatibility complex mismatch, and termed the “liver tolerance effect”. Furthermore, liver transplants are spontaneously accepted with only low-dose immunosuppression, and induce tolerance for non-hepatic co-transplanted allografts of the same donor. Although this immunotolerogenic environment is favorable in the setting of organ transplantation, it is detrimental in chronic infectious liver diseases like hepatitis B or C, malaria, schistosomiasis or tumorigenesis, leading to pathogen persistence and weak anti-tumor effects. The liver is a primary site of T-cell activation, but it elicits poor or incomplete activation of T cells, leading to their abortive activation, exhaustion, suppression of their effector function and early death. This is exploited by pathogens and can impair pathogen control and clearance or allow tumor growth. Hepatic priming of T cells is mediated by a number of local conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which promote tolerance by immune deviation, induction of T-cell anergy or apoptosis, and generating and expanding regulatory T cells. This review will focus on the communication between classical and nonclassical APCs and lymphocytes in the liver in tolerance induction and will discuss recent insights into the role of innate lymphocytes in this process. Nature Publishing Group 2016-05 2016-04-04 /pmc/articles/PMC4856800/ /pubmed/27041638 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2015.112 Text en Copyright © 2016 Chinese Society of Immunology and The University of Science and Technology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
spellingShingle Review
Horst, Andrea Kristina
Neumann, Katrin
Diehl, Linda
Tiegs, Gisa
Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
title Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
title_full Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
title_fullStr Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
title_full_unstemmed Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
title_short Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
title_sort modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856800/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041638
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2015.112
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