Solvent and Intermediate Phase as Boosters for the Perovskite Transformation and Solar Cell Performance

High power conversion efficiency and device stabilization are two major challenges for CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) (MAPbI(3)) perovskite solar cells to be commercialized. Herein, we demonstrate a diffusion-engineered perovskite synthesis method using MAI/ethanol dipping, and compared it to the conventional synthesis method from MAI/iso-propanol. Diffusion of MAI/C(2)H(5)OH into the PbCl(2) film was observed to be more favorable than that of MAI/C(3)H(7)OH. Facile perovskite conversion from ethanol and highly-crystalline MAPbI(3) with minimized impurities boosted the efficiency from 5.86% to 9.51%. Additionally, we further identified the intermediates and thereby the reaction mechanisms of PbCl(2) converting into MAPbI(3). Through straightforward engineering to enhance the surface morphology as well as the crystallinity of the perovskite with even faster conversion, an initial power conversion efficiency of 11.23% was obtained, in addition to superior stability after 30 days under an ambient condition.