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Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in infections, by modulating host immune responses and avoiding the overreactive immunity that in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a marked erosion and deregulation of the entire immune system. Therefore, the suppress...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871867/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27242797 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00192 |
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author | López-Abente, Jacobo Correa-Rocha, Rafael Pion, Marjorie |
author_facet | López-Abente, Jacobo Correa-Rocha, Rafael Pion, Marjorie |
author_sort | López-Abente, Jacobo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in infections, by modulating host immune responses and avoiding the overreactive immunity that in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a marked erosion and deregulation of the entire immune system. Therefore, the suppressive function of Treg in HIV-infected patients is critical because of their implication on preventing the immune hyperactivation, even though it could also have a detrimental effect by suppressing HIV-specific immune responses. In recent years, several studies have shown that HIV-1 can directly infect Treg, disturbing their phenotype and suppressive capacity via different mechanisms. These effects include Foxp3 and CD25 downregulation, and the impairment of suppressive capacity. This review describes the functional mechanisms of Treg to modulate immune activation during HIV infection, and how such control is no longer fine-tune orchestrated once Treg itself get infected. We will review the current knowledge about the HIV effects on the Treg cytokine expression, on pathways implying the participation of different ectoenzymes (i.e., CD39/CD73 axis), transcription factors (ICER), and lastly on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), one of the keystones in Treg-suppressive function. To define which are the HIV effects upon these regulatory mechanisms is crucial not only for the comprehension of immune deregulation in HIV-infected patients but also for the correct understanding of the role of Tregs in HIV infection. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4871867 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-48718672016-05-30 Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression López-Abente, Jacobo Correa-Rocha, Rafael Pion, Marjorie Front Immunol Immunology Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in infections, by modulating host immune responses and avoiding the overreactive immunity that in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a marked erosion and deregulation of the entire immune system. Therefore, the suppressive function of Treg in HIV-infected patients is critical because of their implication on preventing the immune hyperactivation, even though it could also have a detrimental effect by suppressing HIV-specific immune responses. In recent years, several studies have shown that HIV-1 can directly infect Treg, disturbing their phenotype and suppressive capacity via different mechanisms. These effects include Foxp3 and CD25 downregulation, and the impairment of suppressive capacity. This review describes the functional mechanisms of Treg to modulate immune activation during HIV infection, and how such control is no longer fine-tune orchestrated once Treg itself get infected. We will review the current knowledge about the HIV effects on the Treg cytokine expression, on pathways implying the participation of different ectoenzymes (i.e., CD39/CD73 axis), transcription factors (ICER), and lastly on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), one of the keystones in Treg-suppressive function. To define which are the HIV effects upon these regulatory mechanisms is crucial not only for the comprehension of immune deregulation in HIV-infected patients but also for the correct understanding of the role of Tregs in HIV infection. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC4871867/ /pubmed/27242797 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00192 Text en Copyright © 2016 López-Abente, Correa-Rocha and Pion. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology López-Abente, Jacobo Correa-Rocha, Rafael Pion, Marjorie Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression |
title | Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression |
title_full | Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression |
title_fullStr | Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression |
title_full_unstemmed | Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression |
title_short | Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression |
title_sort | functional mechanisms of treg in the context of hiv infection and the janus face of immune suppression |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871867/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27242797 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00192 |
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