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Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in infections, by modulating host immune responses and avoiding the overreactive immunity that in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a marked erosion and deregulation of the entire immune system. Therefore, the suppress...

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Autores principales: López-Abente, Jacobo, Correa-Rocha, Rafael, Pion, Marjorie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871867/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27242797
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00192
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author López-Abente, Jacobo
Correa-Rocha, Rafael
Pion, Marjorie
author_facet López-Abente, Jacobo
Correa-Rocha, Rafael
Pion, Marjorie
author_sort López-Abente, Jacobo
collection PubMed
description Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in infections, by modulating host immune responses and avoiding the overreactive immunity that in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a marked erosion and deregulation of the entire immune system. Therefore, the suppressive function of Treg in HIV-infected patients is critical because of their implication on preventing the immune hyperactivation, even though it could also have a detrimental effect by suppressing HIV-specific immune responses. In recent years, several studies have shown that HIV-1 can directly infect Treg, disturbing their phenotype and suppressive capacity via different mechanisms. These effects include Foxp3 and CD25 downregulation, and the impairment of suppressive capacity. This review describes the functional mechanisms of Treg to modulate immune activation during HIV infection, and how such control is no longer fine-tune orchestrated once Treg itself get infected. We will review the current knowledge about the HIV effects on the Treg cytokine expression, on pathways implying the participation of different ectoenzymes (i.e., CD39/CD73 axis), transcription factors (ICER), and lastly on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), one of the keystones in Treg-suppressive function. To define which are the HIV effects upon these regulatory mechanisms is crucial not only for the comprehension of immune deregulation in HIV-infected patients but also for the correct understanding of the role of Tregs in HIV infection.
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spelling pubmed-48718672016-05-30 Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression López-Abente, Jacobo Correa-Rocha, Rafael Pion, Marjorie Front Immunol Immunology Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in infections, by modulating host immune responses and avoiding the overreactive immunity that in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a marked erosion and deregulation of the entire immune system. Therefore, the suppressive function of Treg in HIV-infected patients is critical because of their implication on preventing the immune hyperactivation, even though it could also have a detrimental effect by suppressing HIV-specific immune responses. In recent years, several studies have shown that HIV-1 can directly infect Treg, disturbing their phenotype and suppressive capacity via different mechanisms. These effects include Foxp3 and CD25 downregulation, and the impairment of suppressive capacity. This review describes the functional mechanisms of Treg to modulate immune activation during HIV infection, and how such control is no longer fine-tune orchestrated once Treg itself get infected. We will review the current knowledge about the HIV effects on the Treg cytokine expression, on pathways implying the participation of different ectoenzymes (i.e., CD39/CD73 axis), transcription factors (ICER), and lastly on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), one of the keystones in Treg-suppressive function. To define which are the HIV effects upon these regulatory mechanisms is crucial not only for the comprehension of immune deregulation in HIV-infected patients but also for the correct understanding of the role of Tregs in HIV infection. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC4871867/ /pubmed/27242797 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00192 Text en Copyright © 2016 López-Abente, Correa-Rocha and Pion. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
López-Abente, Jacobo
Correa-Rocha, Rafael
Pion, Marjorie
Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
title Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
title_full Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
title_fullStr Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
title_full_unstemmed Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
title_short Functional Mechanisms of Treg in the Context of HIV Infection and the Janus Face of Immune Suppression
title_sort functional mechanisms of treg in the context of hiv infection and the janus face of immune suppression
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871867/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27242797
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00192
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