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Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
Educational attainment (EA) is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are also estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals(1). We report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for EA that extends our earlier dis...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883595/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225129 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17671 |
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author | Okbay, Aysu Beauchamp, Jonathan P. Fontana, Mark A. Lee, James J. Pers, Tune H. Rietveld, Cornelius A. Turley, Patrick Chen, Guo-Bo Emilsson, Valur Meddens, S. Fleur W. Oskarsson, Sven Pickrell, Joseph K. Thom, Kevin Timshel, Pascal de Vlaming, Ronald Abdellaoui, Abdel Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S. Bacelis, Jonas Baumbach, Clemens Bjornsdottir, Gyda Brandsma, Johannes H. Concas, Maria Pina Derringer, Jaime Furlotte, Nicholas A. Galesloot, Tessel E. Girotto, Giorgia Gupta, Richa Hall, Leanne M. Harris, Sarah E. Hofer, Edith Horikoshi, Momoko Huffman, Jennifer E. Kaasik, Kadri Kalafati, Ioanna P. Karlsson, Robert Kong, Augustine Lahti, Jari van der Lee, Sven J. de Leeuw, Christiaan Lind, Penelope A. Lindgren, Karl-Oskar Liu, Tian Mangino, Massimo Marten, Jonathan Mihailov, Evelin Miller, Michael B. van der Most, Peter J. Oldmeadow, Christopher Payton, Antony Pervjakova, Natalia Peyrot, Wouter J. Qian, Yong Raitakari, Olli Rueedi, Rico Salvi, Erika Schmidt, Börge Schraut, Katharina E. Shi, Jianxin Smith, Albert V. Poot, Raymond A. Pourcain, Beate Teumer, Alexander Thorleifsson, Gudmar Verweij, Niek Vuckovic, Dragana Wellmann, Juergen Westra, Harm-Jan Yang, Jingyun Zhao, Wei Zhu, Zhihong Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. Amin, Najaf Bakshi, Andrew Baumeister, Sebastian E. Biino, Ginevra Bønnelykke, Klaus Boyle, Patricia A. Campbell, Harry Cappuccio, Francesco P. Davies, Gail De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel Deloukas, Panos Demuth, Ilja Ding, Jun Eibich, Peter Eisele, Lewin Eklund, Niina Evans68, David M. Faul, Jessica D. Feitosa, Mary F. Forstner, Andreas J. Gandin, Ilaria Gunnarsson, Bjarni Halldórsson, Bjarni V. Harris, Tamara B. Heath, Andrew C. Hocking, Lynne J. Holliday, Elizabeth G. Homuth, Georg Horan, Michael A. Hottenga, Jouke-Jan de Jager, Philip L. Joshi, Peter K. Jugessur, Astanand Kaakinen, Marika A. Kähönen, Mika Kanoni, Stavroula Keltigangas-Järvinen, Liisa Kiemeney, Lambertus A.L.M. Kolcic, Ivana Koskinen, Seppo Kraja, Aldi T. Kroh, Martin Kutalik, Zoltan Latvala, Antti Launer, Lenore J. Lebreton, Maël P. Levinson, Douglas F. Lichtenstein, Paul Lichtner, Peter Liewald, David C.M. Loukola, Anu Madden, Pamela A. Mägi, Reedik Mäki-Opas, Tomi Marioni, Riccardo E. Marques-Vidal, Pedro Meddens, Gerardus A. McMahon, George Meisinger, Christa Meitinger, Thomas Milaneschi, Yusplitri Milani, Lili Montgomery, Grant W. Myhre, Ronny Nelson, Christopher P. Nyholt, Dale R. Ollier, William E.R. Palotie, Aarno Paternoster, Lavinia Pedersen, Nancy L. Petrovic, Katja E. Porteous, David J. Räikkönen, Katri Ring, Susan M. Robino, Antonietta Rostapshova, Olga Rudan, Igor Rustichini, Aldo Salomaa, Veikko Sanders, Alan R. Sarin, Antti-Pekka Schmidt, Helena Scott, Rodney J. Smith, Blair H. Smith, Jennifer A. Staessen, Jan A. Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth Strauch, Konstantin Terracciano, Antonio Tobin, Martin D. Ulivi, Sheila Vaccargiu, Simona Quaye, Lydia van Rooij, Frank J.A. Venturini, Cristina Vinkhuyzen, Anna A.E. Völker, Uwe Völzke, Henry Vonk, Judith M. Vozzi, Diego Waage, Johannes Ware, Erin B. Willemsen, Gonneke Attia, John R. Bennett, David A. Berger, Klaus Bertram, Lars Bisgaard, Hans Boomsma, Dorret I. Borecki, Ingrid B. Bultmann, Ute Chabris, Christopher F. Cucca, Francesco Cusi, Daniele Deary, Ian J. Dedoussis, George V. van Duijn, Cornelia M. Eriksson, Johan G. Franke, Barbara Franke, Lude Gasparini, Paolo Gejman, Pablo V. Gieger, Christian Grabe, Hans-Jörgen Gratten, Jacob Groenen, Patrick J.F. Gudnason, Vilmundur van der Harst, Pim Hayward, Caroline Hinds, David A. Hoffmann, Wolfgang Hyppönen, Elina Iacono, William G. Jacobsson, Bo Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta Jöckel, Karl-Heinz Kaprio, Jaakko Kardia, Sharon L.R. Lehtimäki, Terho Lehrer, Steven F. Magnusson, Patrik K.E. Martin, Nicholas G. McGue, Matt Metspalu, Andres Pendleton, Neil Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. Perola, Markus Pirastu, Nicola Pirastu, Mario Polasek, Ozren Posthuma, Danielle Power, Christine Province, Michael A. Samani, Nilesh J. Schlessinger, David Schmidt, Reinhold Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Spector, Tim D. Stefansson, Kari Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur Thurik, A. Roy Timpson, Nicholas J. Tiemeier, Henning Tung, Joyce Y. Uitterlinden, André G. Vitart, Veronique Vollenweider, Peter Weir, David R. Wilson, James F. Wright, Alan F. Conley, Dalton C. Krueger, Robert F. Smith, George Davey Hofman, Albert Laibson, David I. Medland, Sarah E. Meyer, Michelle N. Yang, Jian Johannesson, Magnus Visscher, Peter M. Esko, Tõnu Koellinger, Philipp D. Cesarini, David Benjamin, Daniel J. |
author_facet | Okbay, Aysu Beauchamp, Jonathan P. Fontana, Mark A. Lee, James J. Pers, Tune H. Rietveld, Cornelius A. Turley, Patrick Chen, Guo-Bo Emilsson, Valur Meddens, S. Fleur W. Oskarsson, Sven Pickrell, Joseph K. Thom, Kevin Timshel, Pascal de Vlaming, Ronald Abdellaoui, Abdel Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S. Bacelis, Jonas Baumbach, Clemens Bjornsdottir, Gyda Brandsma, Johannes H. Concas, Maria Pina Derringer, Jaime Furlotte, Nicholas A. Galesloot, Tessel E. Girotto, Giorgia Gupta, Richa Hall, Leanne M. Harris, Sarah E. Hofer, Edith Horikoshi, Momoko Huffman, Jennifer E. Kaasik, Kadri Kalafati, Ioanna P. Karlsson, Robert Kong, Augustine Lahti, Jari van der Lee, Sven J. de Leeuw, Christiaan Lind, Penelope A. Lindgren, Karl-Oskar Liu, Tian Mangino, Massimo Marten, Jonathan Mihailov, Evelin Miller, Michael B. van der Most, Peter J. Oldmeadow, Christopher Payton, Antony Pervjakova, Natalia Peyrot, Wouter J. Qian, Yong Raitakari, Olli Rueedi, Rico Salvi, Erika Schmidt, Börge Schraut, Katharina E. Shi, Jianxin Smith, Albert V. Poot, Raymond A. Pourcain, Beate Teumer, Alexander Thorleifsson, Gudmar Verweij, Niek Vuckovic, Dragana Wellmann, Juergen Westra, Harm-Jan Yang, Jingyun Zhao, Wei Zhu, Zhihong Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. Amin, Najaf Bakshi, Andrew Baumeister, Sebastian E. Biino, Ginevra Bønnelykke, Klaus Boyle, Patricia A. Campbell, Harry Cappuccio, Francesco P. Davies, Gail De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel Deloukas, Panos Demuth, Ilja Ding, Jun Eibich, Peter Eisele, Lewin Eklund, Niina Evans68, David M. Faul, Jessica D. Feitosa, Mary F. Forstner, Andreas J. Gandin, Ilaria Gunnarsson, Bjarni Halldórsson, Bjarni V. Harris, Tamara B. Heath, Andrew C. Hocking, Lynne J. Holliday, Elizabeth G. Homuth, Georg Horan, Michael A. Hottenga, Jouke-Jan de Jager, Philip L. Joshi, Peter K. Jugessur, Astanand Kaakinen, Marika A. Kähönen, Mika Kanoni, Stavroula Keltigangas-Järvinen, Liisa Kiemeney, Lambertus A.L.M. Kolcic, Ivana Koskinen, Seppo Kraja, Aldi T. Kroh, Martin Kutalik, Zoltan Latvala, Antti Launer, Lenore J. Lebreton, Maël P. Levinson, Douglas F. Lichtenstein, Paul Lichtner, Peter Liewald, David C.M. Loukola, Anu Madden, Pamela A. Mägi, Reedik Mäki-Opas, Tomi Marioni, Riccardo E. Marques-Vidal, Pedro Meddens, Gerardus A. McMahon, George Meisinger, Christa Meitinger, Thomas Milaneschi, Yusplitri Milani, Lili Montgomery, Grant W. Myhre, Ronny Nelson, Christopher P. Nyholt, Dale R. Ollier, William E.R. Palotie, Aarno Paternoster, Lavinia Pedersen, Nancy L. Petrovic, Katja E. Porteous, David J. Räikkönen, Katri Ring, Susan M. Robino, Antonietta Rostapshova, Olga Rudan, Igor Rustichini, Aldo Salomaa, Veikko Sanders, Alan R. Sarin, Antti-Pekka Schmidt, Helena Scott, Rodney J. Smith, Blair H. Smith, Jennifer A. Staessen, Jan A. Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth Strauch, Konstantin Terracciano, Antonio Tobin, Martin D. Ulivi, Sheila Vaccargiu, Simona Quaye, Lydia van Rooij, Frank J.A. Venturini, Cristina Vinkhuyzen, Anna A.E. Völker, Uwe Völzke, Henry Vonk, Judith M. Vozzi, Diego Waage, Johannes Ware, Erin B. Willemsen, Gonneke Attia, John R. Bennett, David A. Berger, Klaus Bertram, Lars Bisgaard, Hans Boomsma, Dorret I. Borecki, Ingrid B. Bultmann, Ute Chabris, Christopher F. Cucca, Francesco Cusi, Daniele Deary, Ian J. Dedoussis, George V. van Duijn, Cornelia M. Eriksson, Johan G. Franke, Barbara Franke, Lude Gasparini, Paolo Gejman, Pablo V. Gieger, Christian Grabe, Hans-Jörgen Gratten, Jacob Groenen, Patrick J.F. Gudnason, Vilmundur van der Harst, Pim Hayward, Caroline Hinds, David A. Hoffmann, Wolfgang Hyppönen, Elina Iacono, William G. Jacobsson, Bo Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta Jöckel, Karl-Heinz Kaprio, Jaakko Kardia, Sharon L.R. Lehtimäki, Terho Lehrer, Steven F. Magnusson, Patrik K.E. Martin, Nicholas G. McGue, Matt Metspalu, Andres Pendleton, Neil Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. Perola, Markus Pirastu, Nicola Pirastu, Mario Polasek, Ozren Posthuma, Danielle Power, Christine Province, Michael A. Samani, Nilesh J. Schlessinger, David Schmidt, Reinhold Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Spector, Tim D. Stefansson, Kari Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur Thurik, A. Roy Timpson, Nicholas J. Tiemeier, Henning Tung, Joyce Y. Uitterlinden, André G. Vitart, Veronique Vollenweider, Peter Weir, David R. Wilson, James F. Wright, Alan F. Conley, Dalton C. Krueger, Robert F. Smith, George Davey Hofman, Albert Laibson, David I. Medland, Sarah E. Meyer, Michelle N. Yang, Jian Johannesson, Magnus Visscher, Peter M. Esko, Tõnu Koellinger, Philipp D. Cesarini, David Benjamin, Daniel J. |
author_sort | Okbay, Aysu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Educational attainment (EA) is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are also estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals(1). We report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for EA that extends our earlier discovery sample(1,2) of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We now identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioral phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because EA is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4883595 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-48835952016-11-11 Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment Okbay, Aysu Beauchamp, Jonathan P. Fontana, Mark A. Lee, James J. Pers, Tune H. Rietveld, Cornelius A. Turley, Patrick Chen, Guo-Bo Emilsson, Valur Meddens, S. Fleur W. Oskarsson, Sven Pickrell, Joseph K. Thom, Kevin Timshel, Pascal de Vlaming, Ronald Abdellaoui, Abdel Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S. Bacelis, Jonas Baumbach, Clemens Bjornsdottir, Gyda Brandsma, Johannes H. Concas, Maria Pina Derringer, Jaime Furlotte, Nicholas A. Galesloot, Tessel E. Girotto, Giorgia Gupta, Richa Hall, Leanne M. Harris, Sarah E. Hofer, Edith Horikoshi, Momoko Huffman, Jennifer E. Kaasik, Kadri Kalafati, Ioanna P. Karlsson, Robert Kong, Augustine Lahti, Jari van der Lee, Sven J. de Leeuw, Christiaan Lind, Penelope A. Lindgren, Karl-Oskar Liu, Tian Mangino, Massimo Marten, Jonathan Mihailov, Evelin Miller, Michael B. van der Most, Peter J. Oldmeadow, Christopher Payton, Antony Pervjakova, Natalia Peyrot, Wouter J. Qian, Yong Raitakari, Olli Rueedi, Rico Salvi, Erika Schmidt, Börge Schraut, Katharina E. Shi, Jianxin Smith, Albert V. Poot, Raymond A. Pourcain, Beate Teumer, Alexander Thorleifsson, Gudmar Verweij, Niek Vuckovic, Dragana Wellmann, Juergen Westra, Harm-Jan Yang, Jingyun Zhao, Wei Zhu, Zhihong Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. Amin, Najaf Bakshi, Andrew Baumeister, Sebastian E. Biino, Ginevra Bønnelykke, Klaus Boyle, Patricia A. Campbell, Harry Cappuccio, Francesco P. Davies, Gail De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel Deloukas, Panos Demuth, Ilja Ding, Jun Eibich, Peter Eisele, Lewin Eklund, Niina Evans68, David M. Faul, Jessica D. Feitosa, Mary F. Forstner, Andreas J. Gandin, Ilaria Gunnarsson, Bjarni Halldórsson, Bjarni V. Harris, Tamara B. Heath, Andrew C. Hocking, Lynne J. Holliday, Elizabeth G. Homuth, Georg Horan, Michael A. Hottenga, Jouke-Jan de Jager, Philip L. Joshi, Peter K. Jugessur, Astanand Kaakinen, Marika A. Kähönen, Mika Kanoni, Stavroula Keltigangas-Järvinen, Liisa Kiemeney, Lambertus A.L.M. Kolcic, Ivana Koskinen, Seppo Kraja, Aldi T. Kroh, Martin Kutalik, Zoltan Latvala, Antti Launer, Lenore J. Lebreton, Maël P. Levinson, Douglas F. Lichtenstein, Paul Lichtner, Peter Liewald, David C.M. Loukola, Anu Madden, Pamela A. Mägi, Reedik Mäki-Opas, Tomi Marioni, Riccardo E. Marques-Vidal, Pedro Meddens, Gerardus A. McMahon, George Meisinger, Christa Meitinger, Thomas Milaneschi, Yusplitri Milani, Lili Montgomery, Grant W. Myhre, Ronny Nelson, Christopher P. Nyholt, Dale R. Ollier, William E.R. Palotie, Aarno Paternoster, Lavinia Pedersen, Nancy L. Petrovic, Katja E. Porteous, David J. Räikkönen, Katri Ring, Susan M. Robino, Antonietta Rostapshova, Olga Rudan, Igor Rustichini, Aldo Salomaa, Veikko Sanders, Alan R. Sarin, Antti-Pekka Schmidt, Helena Scott, Rodney J. Smith, Blair H. Smith, Jennifer A. Staessen, Jan A. Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth Strauch, Konstantin Terracciano, Antonio Tobin, Martin D. Ulivi, Sheila Vaccargiu, Simona Quaye, Lydia van Rooij, Frank J.A. Venturini, Cristina Vinkhuyzen, Anna A.E. Völker, Uwe Völzke, Henry Vonk, Judith M. Vozzi, Diego Waage, Johannes Ware, Erin B. Willemsen, Gonneke Attia, John R. Bennett, David A. Berger, Klaus Bertram, Lars Bisgaard, Hans Boomsma, Dorret I. Borecki, Ingrid B. Bultmann, Ute Chabris, Christopher F. Cucca, Francesco Cusi, Daniele Deary, Ian J. Dedoussis, George V. van Duijn, Cornelia M. Eriksson, Johan G. Franke, Barbara Franke, Lude Gasparini, Paolo Gejman, Pablo V. Gieger, Christian Grabe, Hans-Jörgen Gratten, Jacob Groenen, Patrick J.F. Gudnason, Vilmundur van der Harst, Pim Hayward, Caroline Hinds, David A. Hoffmann, Wolfgang Hyppönen, Elina Iacono, William G. Jacobsson, Bo Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta Jöckel, Karl-Heinz Kaprio, Jaakko Kardia, Sharon L.R. Lehtimäki, Terho Lehrer, Steven F. Magnusson, Patrik K.E. Martin, Nicholas G. McGue, Matt Metspalu, Andres Pendleton, Neil Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. Perola, Markus Pirastu, Nicola Pirastu, Mario Polasek, Ozren Posthuma, Danielle Power, Christine Province, Michael A. Samani, Nilesh J. Schlessinger, David Schmidt, Reinhold Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Spector, Tim D. Stefansson, Kari Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur Thurik, A. Roy Timpson, Nicholas J. Tiemeier, Henning Tung, Joyce Y. Uitterlinden, André G. Vitart, Veronique Vollenweider, Peter Weir, David R. Wilson, James F. Wright, Alan F. Conley, Dalton C. Krueger, Robert F. Smith, George Davey Hofman, Albert Laibson, David I. Medland, Sarah E. Meyer, Michelle N. Yang, Jian Johannesson, Magnus Visscher, Peter M. Esko, Tõnu Koellinger, Philipp D. Cesarini, David Benjamin, Daniel J. Nature Article Educational attainment (EA) is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are also estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals(1). We report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for EA that extends our earlier discovery sample(1,2) of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We now identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioral phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because EA is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric disease. 2016-05-11 /pmc/articles/PMC4883595/ /pubmed/27225129 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17671 Text en Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms |
spellingShingle | Article Okbay, Aysu Beauchamp, Jonathan P. Fontana, Mark A. Lee, James J. Pers, Tune H. Rietveld, Cornelius A. Turley, Patrick Chen, Guo-Bo Emilsson, Valur Meddens, S. Fleur W. Oskarsson, Sven Pickrell, Joseph K. Thom, Kevin Timshel, Pascal de Vlaming, Ronald Abdellaoui, Abdel Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S. Bacelis, Jonas Baumbach, Clemens Bjornsdottir, Gyda Brandsma, Johannes H. Concas, Maria Pina Derringer, Jaime Furlotte, Nicholas A. Galesloot, Tessel E. Girotto, Giorgia Gupta, Richa Hall, Leanne M. Harris, Sarah E. Hofer, Edith Horikoshi, Momoko Huffman, Jennifer E. Kaasik, Kadri Kalafati, Ioanna P. Karlsson, Robert Kong, Augustine Lahti, Jari van der Lee, Sven J. de Leeuw, Christiaan Lind, Penelope A. Lindgren, Karl-Oskar Liu, Tian Mangino, Massimo Marten, Jonathan Mihailov, Evelin Miller, Michael B. van der Most, Peter J. Oldmeadow, Christopher Payton, Antony Pervjakova, Natalia Peyrot, Wouter J. Qian, Yong Raitakari, Olli Rueedi, Rico Salvi, Erika Schmidt, Börge Schraut, Katharina E. Shi, Jianxin Smith, Albert V. Poot, Raymond A. Pourcain, Beate Teumer, Alexander Thorleifsson, Gudmar Verweij, Niek Vuckovic, Dragana Wellmann, Juergen Westra, Harm-Jan Yang, Jingyun Zhao, Wei Zhu, Zhihong Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. Amin, Najaf Bakshi, Andrew Baumeister, Sebastian E. Biino, Ginevra Bønnelykke, Klaus Boyle, Patricia A. Campbell, Harry Cappuccio, Francesco P. Davies, Gail De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel Deloukas, Panos Demuth, Ilja Ding, Jun Eibich, Peter Eisele, Lewin Eklund, Niina Evans68, David M. Faul, Jessica D. Feitosa, Mary F. Forstner, Andreas J. Gandin, Ilaria Gunnarsson, Bjarni Halldórsson, Bjarni V. Harris, Tamara B. Heath, Andrew C. Hocking, Lynne J. Holliday, Elizabeth G. Homuth, Georg Horan, Michael A. Hottenga, Jouke-Jan de Jager, Philip L. Joshi, Peter K. Jugessur, Astanand Kaakinen, Marika A. Kähönen, Mika Kanoni, Stavroula Keltigangas-Järvinen, Liisa Kiemeney, Lambertus A.L.M. Kolcic, Ivana Koskinen, Seppo Kraja, Aldi T. Kroh, Martin Kutalik, Zoltan Latvala, Antti Launer, Lenore J. Lebreton, Maël P. Levinson, Douglas F. Lichtenstein, Paul Lichtner, Peter Liewald, David C.M. Loukola, Anu Madden, Pamela A. Mägi, Reedik Mäki-Opas, Tomi Marioni, Riccardo E. Marques-Vidal, Pedro Meddens, Gerardus A. McMahon, George Meisinger, Christa Meitinger, Thomas Milaneschi, Yusplitri Milani, Lili Montgomery, Grant W. Myhre, Ronny Nelson, Christopher P. Nyholt, Dale R. Ollier, William E.R. Palotie, Aarno Paternoster, Lavinia Pedersen, Nancy L. Petrovic, Katja E. Porteous, David J. Räikkönen, Katri Ring, Susan M. Robino, Antonietta Rostapshova, Olga Rudan, Igor Rustichini, Aldo Salomaa, Veikko Sanders, Alan R. Sarin, Antti-Pekka Schmidt, Helena Scott, Rodney J. Smith, Blair H. Smith, Jennifer A. Staessen, Jan A. Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth Strauch, Konstantin Terracciano, Antonio Tobin, Martin D. Ulivi, Sheila Vaccargiu, Simona Quaye, Lydia van Rooij, Frank J.A. Venturini, Cristina Vinkhuyzen, Anna A.E. Völker, Uwe Völzke, Henry Vonk, Judith M. Vozzi, Diego Waage, Johannes Ware, Erin B. Willemsen, Gonneke Attia, John R. Bennett, David A. Berger, Klaus Bertram, Lars Bisgaard, Hans Boomsma, Dorret I. Borecki, Ingrid B. Bultmann, Ute Chabris, Christopher F. Cucca, Francesco Cusi, Daniele Deary, Ian J. Dedoussis, George V. van Duijn, Cornelia M. Eriksson, Johan G. Franke, Barbara Franke, Lude Gasparini, Paolo Gejman, Pablo V. Gieger, Christian Grabe, Hans-Jörgen Gratten, Jacob Groenen, Patrick J.F. Gudnason, Vilmundur van der Harst, Pim Hayward, Caroline Hinds, David A. Hoffmann, Wolfgang Hyppönen, Elina Iacono, William G. Jacobsson, Bo Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta Jöckel, Karl-Heinz Kaprio, Jaakko Kardia, Sharon L.R. Lehtimäki, Terho Lehrer, Steven F. Magnusson, Patrik K.E. Martin, Nicholas G. McGue, Matt Metspalu, Andres Pendleton, Neil Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. Perola, Markus Pirastu, Nicola Pirastu, Mario Polasek, Ozren Posthuma, Danielle Power, Christine Province, Michael A. Samani, Nilesh J. Schlessinger, David Schmidt, Reinhold Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Spector, Tim D. Stefansson, Kari Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur Thurik, A. Roy Timpson, Nicholas J. Tiemeier, Henning Tung, Joyce Y. Uitterlinden, André G. Vitart, Veronique Vollenweider, Peter Weir, David R. Wilson, James F. Wright, Alan F. Conley, Dalton C. Krueger, Robert F. Smith, George Davey Hofman, Albert Laibson, David I. Medland, Sarah E. Meyer, Michelle N. Yang, Jian Johannesson, Magnus Visscher, Peter M. Esko, Tõnu Koellinger, Philipp D. Cesarini, David Benjamin, Daniel J. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
title | Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
title_full | Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
title_fullStr | Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
title_full_unstemmed | Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
title_short | Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
title_sort | genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883595/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225129 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17671 |
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