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Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach
Produced by several species of Aspergillus, Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin contaminating many crops worldwide. The utilization of fungicides is currently one of the most common methods; nevertheless, their use is not environmentally or economically sound. Thus, the use of natura...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885038/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27128940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8050123 |
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author | Caceres, Isaura El Khoury, Rhoda Medina, Ángel Lippi, Yannick Naylies, Claire Atoui, Ali El Khoury, André Oswald, Isabelle P. Bailly, Jean-Denis Puel, Olivier |
author_facet | Caceres, Isaura El Khoury, Rhoda Medina, Ángel Lippi, Yannick Naylies, Claire Atoui, Ali El Khoury, André Oswald, Isabelle P. Bailly, Jean-Denis Puel, Olivier |
author_sort | Caceres, Isaura |
collection | PubMed |
description | Produced by several species of Aspergillus, Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin contaminating many crops worldwide. The utilization of fungicides is currently one of the most common methods; nevertheless, their use is not environmentally or economically sound. Thus, the use of natural compounds able to block aflatoxinogenesis could represent an alternative strategy to limit food and feed contamination. For instance, eugenol, a 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol present in many essential oils, has been identified as an anti-aflatoxin molecule. However, its precise mechanism of action has yet to be clarified. The production of AFB(1) is associated with the expression of a 70 kB cluster, and not less than 21 enzymatic reactions are necessary for its production. Based on former empirical data, a molecular tool composed of 60 genes targeting 27 genes of aflatoxin B(1) cluster and 33 genes encoding the main regulatory factors potentially involved in its production, was developed. We showed that AFB(1) inhibition in Aspergillus flavus following eugenol addition at 0.5 mM in a Malt Extract Agar (MEA) medium resulted in a complete inhibition of the expression of all but one gene of the AFB(1) biosynthesis cluster. This transcriptomic effect followed a down-regulation of the complex composed by the two internal regulatory factors, AflR and AflS. This phenomenon was also influenced by an over-expression of veA and mtfA, two genes that are directly linked to AFB(1) cluster regulation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4885038 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-48850382016-05-31 Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach Caceres, Isaura El Khoury, Rhoda Medina, Ángel Lippi, Yannick Naylies, Claire Atoui, Ali El Khoury, André Oswald, Isabelle P. Bailly, Jean-Denis Puel, Olivier Toxins (Basel) Article Produced by several species of Aspergillus, Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin contaminating many crops worldwide. The utilization of fungicides is currently one of the most common methods; nevertheless, their use is not environmentally or economically sound. Thus, the use of natural compounds able to block aflatoxinogenesis could represent an alternative strategy to limit food and feed contamination. For instance, eugenol, a 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol present in many essential oils, has been identified as an anti-aflatoxin molecule. However, its precise mechanism of action has yet to be clarified. The production of AFB(1) is associated with the expression of a 70 kB cluster, and not less than 21 enzymatic reactions are necessary for its production. Based on former empirical data, a molecular tool composed of 60 genes targeting 27 genes of aflatoxin B(1) cluster and 33 genes encoding the main regulatory factors potentially involved in its production, was developed. We showed that AFB(1) inhibition in Aspergillus flavus following eugenol addition at 0.5 mM in a Malt Extract Agar (MEA) medium resulted in a complete inhibition of the expression of all but one gene of the AFB(1) biosynthesis cluster. This transcriptomic effect followed a down-regulation of the complex composed by the two internal regulatory factors, AflR and AflS. This phenomenon was also influenced by an over-expression of veA and mtfA, two genes that are directly linked to AFB(1) cluster regulation. MDPI 2016-04-26 /pmc/articles/PMC4885038/ /pubmed/27128940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8050123 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Caceres, Isaura El Khoury, Rhoda Medina, Ángel Lippi, Yannick Naylies, Claire Atoui, Ali El Khoury, André Oswald, Isabelle P. Bailly, Jean-Denis Puel, Olivier Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach |
title | Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach |
title_full | Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach |
title_fullStr | Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach |
title_full_unstemmed | Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach |
title_short | Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach |
title_sort | deciphering the anti-aflatoxinogenic properties of eugenol using a large-scale q-pcr approach |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885038/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27128940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8050123 |
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