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Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes
Using an amalgamation of previously studied “train‐low” paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on cell‐signaling responses associated with exercise‐induced regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated‐m...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886170/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225627 http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12803 |
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author | Impey, Samuel G. Hammond, Kelly M. Shepherd, Sam O. Sharples, Adam P. Stewart, Claire Limb, Marie Smith, Kenneth Philp, Andrew Jeromson, Stewart Hamilton, D. Lee Close, Graeme L. Morton, James P. |
author_facet | Impey, Samuel G. Hammond, Kelly M. Shepherd, Sam O. Sharples, Adam P. Stewart, Claire Limb, Marie Smith, Kenneth Philp, Andrew Jeromson, Stewart Hamilton, D. Lee Close, Graeme L. Morton, James P. |
author_sort | Impey, Samuel G. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Using an amalgamation of previously studied “train‐low” paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on cell‐signaling responses associated with exercise‐induced regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated‐measures crossover design, 11 males completed an exhaustive cycling protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise (HIGH) or alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability (LOW + LEU). Muscle glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre‐exercise (HIGH: 583 ± 158, LOW + LEU: 271 ± 85 mmol kg(−1) dw) but decreased (P < 0.05) to comparable levels at exhaustion (≈100 mmol kg(−1) dw). Despite differences (P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 ± 29, LOW + LEU: 100 ± 17 min), exercise induced (P < 0.05) comparable AMPK α2 (3–4‐fold) activity, PGC‐1α (13‐fold), p53 (2‐fold), Tfam (1.5‐fold), SIRT1 (1.5‐fold), Atrogin 1 (2‐fold), and MuRF1 (5‐fold) gene expression at 3 h post‐exercise. Exhaustive exercise suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post‐exercise (≈20 fmol min(−1) mg(−1)). Despite elevated leucine availability post‐exercise, p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h post‐exercise in LOW + LEU (28 ± 14 fmol min(−1) mg(−1)), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis (40 mmol kg(−1) dw h(−1)) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity in HIGH (53 ± 30 fmol min(−1) mg(−1)). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before and during exercise induces “work‐efficient” mitochondrial‐related cell signaling but; (2) post‐exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K activity at basal levels despite feeding leucine‐enriched protein. Our data support the practical concept of “fuelling for the work required” as a potential strategy for which to amalgamate train‐low paradigms into periodized training programs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4886170 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-48861702016-08-17 Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes Impey, Samuel G. Hammond, Kelly M. Shepherd, Sam O. Sharples, Adam P. Stewart, Claire Limb, Marie Smith, Kenneth Philp, Andrew Jeromson, Stewart Hamilton, D. Lee Close, Graeme L. Morton, James P. Physiol Rep Original Research Using an amalgamation of previously studied “train‐low” paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on cell‐signaling responses associated with exercise‐induced regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated‐measures crossover design, 11 males completed an exhaustive cycling protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise (HIGH) or alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability (LOW + LEU). Muscle glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre‐exercise (HIGH: 583 ± 158, LOW + LEU: 271 ± 85 mmol kg(−1) dw) but decreased (P < 0.05) to comparable levels at exhaustion (≈100 mmol kg(−1) dw). Despite differences (P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 ± 29, LOW + LEU: 100 ± 17 min), exercise induced (P < 0.05) comparable AMPK α2 (3–4‐fold) activity, PGC‐1α (13‐fold), p53 (2‐fold), Tfam (1.5‐fold), SIRT1 (1.5‐fold), Atrogin 1 (2‐fold), and MuRF1 (5‐fold) gene expression at 3 h post‐exercise. Exhaustive exercise suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post‐exercise (≈20 fmol min(−1) mg(−1)). Despite elevated leucine availability post‐exercise, p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h post‐exercise in LOW + LEU (28 ± 14 fmol min(−1) mg(−1)), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis (40 mmol kg(−1) dw h(−1)) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity in HIGH (53 ± 30 fmol min(−1) mg(−1)). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before and during exercise induces “work‐efficient” mitochondrial‐related cell signaling but; (2) post‐exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K activity at basal levels despite feeding leucine‐enriched protein. Our data support the practical concept of “fuelling for the work required” as a potential strategy for which to amalgamate train‐low paradigms into periodized training programs. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2016-05-24 /pmc/articles/PMC4886170/ /pubmed/27225627 http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12803 Text en © 2016 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Research Impey, Samuel G. Hammond, Kelly M. Shepherd, Sam O. Sharples, Adam P. Stewart, Claire Limb, Marie Smith, Kenneth Philp, Andrew Jeromson, Stewart Hamilton, D. Lee Close, Graeme L. Morton, James P. Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
title | Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
title_full | Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
title_fullStr | Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
title_full_unstemmed | Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
title_short | Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
title_sort | fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train‐low paradigms for endurance athletes |
topic | Original Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886170/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225627 http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12803 |
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