Metachronous urothelial carcinoma of whole urinary tract in a dialysis-dependent patient: A case report

Numerous studies have reported an association between end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and malignancy. The predominant malignant tumor that occurs in patients with ESRD in Asian countries is urothelial carcinoma (UC). According to recent research, cases of UC in dialysis-dependent patients are associated with higher recurrence rates and more aggressive biological behavior compared with patients without ESRD. The necessity of 1-step total urinary tract exenteration for dialysis-dependent patients with UC is advocated by certain studies. The current study reports a case of metachronous bladder cancer and bilateral upper urinary tract tumor in a dialysis-dependent patient. Three separate surgeries were performed to remove the bladder, and left and right urinary tract, respectively. The question of whether the stepwise strategy or the 1-step surgery should be selected for such special cases remains in debate.