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Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury

BACKGROUND: In North America, more than 800,000 youth are registered in organized ice hockey leagues. Despite the many benefits of involvement, young players are at significant risk for injury. Body-checking and aggressive play are associated with high frequency of game-related injury including conc...

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Autores principales: Cusimano, Michael D., Ilie, Gabriela, Mullen, Sarah J., Pauley, Christopher R., Stulberg, Jennifer R., Topolovec-Vranic, Jane, Zhang, Stanley
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892613/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27258426
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156683
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author Cusimano, Michael D.
Ilie, Gabriela
Mullen, Sarah J.
Pauley, Christopher R.
Stulberg, Jennifer R.
Topolovec-Vranic, Jane
Zhang, Stanley
author_facet Cusimano, Michael D.
Ilie, Gabriela
Mullen, Sarah J.
Pauley, Christopher R.
Stulberg, Jennifer R.
Topolovec-Vranic, Jane
Zhang, Stanley
author_sort Cusimano, Michael D.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: In North America, more than 800,000 youth are registered in organized ice hockey leagues. Despite the many benefits of involvement, young players are at significant risk for injury. Body-checking and aggressive play are associated with high frequency of game-related injury including concussion. We conducted a qualitative study to understand why youth ice hockey players engage in aggressive, injury-prone behaviours on the ice. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 minor ice hockey participants, including male and female players, parents, coaches, trainers, managers and a game official. Players were aged 13–15 playing on competitive body checking teams or on non-body checking teams. Interviews were manually transcribed, coded and analyzed for themes relating to aggressive play in minor ice hockey. RESULTS: Parents, coaches, teammates and the media exert a large influence on player behavior. Aggressive behavior is often reinforced by the player’s social environment and justified by players to demonstrate loyalty to teammates and especially injured teammates by seeking revenge particularly in competitive, body-checking leagues. Among female and male players in non-body checking organizations, aggressive play is not reinforced by the social environment. These findings are discussed within the framework of social identity theory and social learning theory, in order to understand players’ need to seek revenge and how the social environment reinforces aggressive behaviors. CONCLUSION: This study provides a better understanding of the players’ motivations and environmental influences around aggressive and violent play which may be conducive to injury. The findings can be used to help design interventions aimed at reducing aggression and related injuries sustained during ice hockey and sports with similar cultures and rules.
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spelling pubmed-48926132016-06-16 Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury Cusimano, Michael D. Ilie, Gabriela Mullen, Sarah J. Pauley, Christopher R. Stulberg, Jennifer R. Topolovec-Vranic, Jane Zhang, Stanley PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: In North America, more than 800,000 youth are registered in organized ice hockey leagues. Despite the many benefits of involvement, young players are at significant risk for injury. Body-checking and aggressive play are associated with high frequency of game-related injury including concussion. We conducted a qualitative study to understand why youth ice hockey players engage in aggressive, injury-prone behaviours on the ice. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 minor ice hockey participants, including male and female players, parents, coaches, trainers, managers and a game official. Players were aged 13–15 playing on competitive body checking teams or on non-body checking teams. Interviews were manually transcribed, coded and analyzed for themes relating to aggressive play in minor ice hockey. RESULTS: Parents, coaches, teammates and the media exert a large influence on player behavior. Aggressive behavior is often reinforced by the player’s social environment and justified by players to demonstrate loyalty to teammates and especially injured teammates by seeking revenge particularly in competitive, body-checking leagues. Among female and male players in non-body checking organizations, aggressive play is not reinforced by the social environment. These findings are discussed within the framework of social identity theory and social learning theory, in order to understand players’ need to seek revenge and how the social environment reinforces aggressive behaviors. CONCLUSION: This study provides a better understanding of the players’ motivations and environmental influences around aggressive and violent play which may be conducive to injury. The findings can be used to help design interventions aimed at reducing aggression and related injuries sustained during ice hockey and sports with similar cultures and rules. Public Library of Science 2016-06-03 /pmc/articles/PMC4892613/ /pubmed/27258426 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156683 Text en © 2016 Cusimano et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Cusimano, Michael D.
Ilie, Gabriela
Mullen, Sarah J.
Pauley, Christopher R.
Stulberg, Jennifer R.
Topolovec-Vranic, Jane
Zhang, Stanley
Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury
title Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury
title_full Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury
title_fullStr Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury
title_full_unstemmed Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury
title_short Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury
title_sort aggression, violence and injury in minor league ice hockey: avenues for prevention of injury
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892613/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27258426
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156683
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