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Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model
Injury severity in blast induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) increases with blast overpressure (BOP) and impulse in dose-dependent manner. Pure primary blast waves were simulated in compressed gas shock-tubes in discrete increments. Present work demonstrates 24 hour survival of rats in 0–450 kPa (...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4895217/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27270403 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep26992 |
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author | Mishra, Vikas Skotak, Maciej Schuetz, Heather Heller, Abi Haorah, James Chandra, Namas |
author_facet | Mishra, Vikas Skotak, Maciej Schuetz, Heather Heller, Abi Haorah, James Chandra, Namas |
author_sort | Mishra, Vikas |
collection | PubMed |
description | Injury severity in blast induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) increases with blast overpressure (BOP) and impulse in dose-dependent manner. Pure primary blast waves were simulated in compressed gas shock-tubes in discrete increments. Present work demonstrates 24 hour survival of rats in 0–450 kPa (0–800 Pa∙s impulse) range at 10 discrete levels (60, 100, 130, 160, 190, 230, 250, 290, 350 and 420 kPa) and determines the mortality rate as a non-linear function of BOP. Using logistic regression model, predicted mortality rate (PMR) function was calculated, and used to establish TBI severities. We determined a BOP of 145 kPa as upper mild TBI threshold (5% PMR). Also we determined 146–220 kPa and 221–290 kPa levels as moderate and severe TBI based on 35%, and 70% PMR, respectively, while BOP above 290 kPa is lethal. Since there are no standards for animal bTBI injury severity, these thresholds need further refinements using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and behavior. Further, we specifically investigated mild TBI range (0–145 kPa) using physiological (heart rate), pathological (lung injury), immuno-histochemical (oxidative/nitrosative and blood-brain barrier markers) as well as blood borne biomarkers. With these additional data, we conclude that mild bTBI occurs in rats when the BOP is in the range of 85–145 kPa. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4895217 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-48952172016-06-10 Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model Mishra, Vikas Skotak, Maciej Schuetz, Heather Heller, Abi Haorah, James Chandra, Namas Sci Rep Article Injury severity in blast induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) increases with blast overpressure (BOP) and impulse in dose-dependent manner. Pure primary blast waves were simulated in compressed gas shock-tubes in discrete increments. Present work demonstrates 24 hour survival of rats in 0–450 kPa (0–800 Pa∙s impulse) range at 10 discrete levels (60, 100, 130, 160, 190, 230, 250, 290, 350 and 420 kPa) and determines the mortality rate as a non-linear function of BOP. Using logistic regression model, predicted mortality rate (PMR) function was calculated, and used to establish TBI severities. We determined a BOP of 145 kPa as upper mild TBI threshold (5% PMR). Also we determined 146–220 kPa and 221–290 kPa levels as moderate and severe TBI based on 35%, and 70% PMR, respectively, while BOP above 290 kPa is lethal. Since there are no standards for animal bTBI injury severity, these thresholds need further refinements using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and behavior. Further, we specifically investigated mild TBI range (0–145 kPa) using physiological (heart rate), pathological (lung injury), immuno-histochemical (oxidative/nitrosative and blood-brain barrier markers) as well as blood borne biomarkers. With these additional data, we conclude that mild bTBI occurs in rats when the BOP is in the range of 85–145 kPa. Nature Publishing Group 2016-06-07 /pmc/articles/PMC4895217/ /pubmed/27270403 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep26992 Text en Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
spellingShingle | Article Mishra, Vikas Skotak, Maciej Schuetz, Heather Heller, Abi Haorah, James Chandra, Namas Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model |
title | Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model |
title_full | Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model |
title_fullStr | Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model |
title_full_unstemmed | Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model |
title_short | Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model |
title_sort | primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal tbi with increasing blast overpressures: experimental rat injury model |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4895217/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27270403 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep26992 |
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