The efficacy and safety of S-1-based regimens in the first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: S-1 is first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer in Asia and is used with increased frequency in Western counties. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of S-1-based therapy compared with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/capecitabine-based therapy and S-1-based combination therapy compared with S-1 monotherapy. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting abstracts, European Society for Medical Oncology meeting abstracts and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for randomized clinical trials until May 2015. Data were extracted for overall survival (OS), progression-free-survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR) and grade 1–2 and grade 3–4 adverse events. Stratified OS data for subgroups were extracted. RESULTS: S-1 was not different from 5-FU (eight studies, n = 2788) in terms of OS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.93, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.01] and PFS (HR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.73–1.04), whereas ORR was higher (risk ratio 1.43, 95 % CI 1.05–1.96). There was no subgroup difference in efficacy among Asian and Western patients, but in Western patients S-1 was associated with a lower rate of febrile neutropenia, toxicity-related deaths and grade 3–4 stomatitis and mucositis compared with 5-FU. S-1 showed no difference in efficacy compared with capecitabine (three studies, n = 329), but was associated with a lower rate of grade 3–4 neutropenia and grade 1–2 hand–foot syndrome. S-1-combination therapy was superior to S-1 monotherapy (eight studies, n = 1808) in terms of OS (HR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.65–0.90), PFS (HR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.56–0.82) and ORR (risk ratio 1.20, 95 % CI 1.04–1.38) but was more toxic. Survival benefit of S-1 combination therapy over S-1 monotherapy was most pronounced in patients with non-measurable disease, diffuse-type histological features and peritoneal metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: S-1 is effective and tolerable as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer in both Asian and Western countries. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10120-015-0587-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.