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Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals
Purpose: Breathlessness is a complex set of symptoms that are comprised of both sensory and affective (emotional) dimensions. While ventilation is now understood to be a potential limiter to performance in highly-trained individuals, the contribution of breathlessness-anxiety in those nearing maxima...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4910254/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27378940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00231 |
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author | Faull, Olivia K. Cox, Pete J. Pattinson, Kyle T. S. |
author_facet | Faull, Olivia K. Cox, Pete J. Pattinson, Kyle T. S. |
author_sort | Faull, Olivia K. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Purpose: Breathlessness is a complex set of symptoms that are comprised of both sensory and affective (emotional) dimensions. While ventilation is now understood to be a potential limiter to performance in highly-trained individuals, the contribution of breathlessness-anxiety in those nearing maximal ventilation during intense exercise has not yet been considered as a limiter to performance. Methods: In this study, we compared the physiology and psychology of breathlessness in 20 endurance athletes with 20 untrained age- and sex-matched sedentary controls. Subjects completed baseline spirometry and anxiety questionnaires, an incremental exercise test to exhaustion and a steady-state hypercapnic ventilatory response test, with concurrent measures of breathlessness intensity and breathlessness-anxiety. Results: Compared with sedentary subjects, athletes reported equivalent breathlessness intensity but greater breathlessness-anxiety at maximal exercise (athletes vs. sedentary (mean ± SD): breathlessness intensity (0–100%) 80.7 (22.7) vs. 72.5 (17.2), p = 0.21; breathlessness-anxiety (0–100%), 45.3 (36.3) vs. 22.3 (20.0), p = 0.02). Athletes operated at higher proportions of their maximal ventilatory capacity (MVV) (athletes vs. sedentary (mean ventilation ± SD; % MVV): 101.6 (27.2) vs. 73.7 (30.1), p = 0.003). In the athletes there was a positive linear correlation between ventilation and breathlessness score during the hypercapnic challenge that was not observed in the sedentary controls. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that whilst operating at high proportions of maximal ventilation, breathlessness-anxiety becomes increasingly prominent in athletes. Our results suggest that ventilatory perception pathways may be a target for improved athletic performance in some individuals. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4910254 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-49102542016-07-04 Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals Faull, Olivia K. Cox, Pete J. Pattinson, Kyle T. S. Front Physiol Physiology Purpose: Breathlessness is a complex set of symptoms that are comprised of both sensory and affective (emotional) dimensions. While ventilation is now understood to be a potential limiter to performance in highly-trained individuals, the contribution of breathlessness-anxiety in those nearing maximal ventilation during intense exercise has not yet been considered as a limiter to performance. Methods: In this study, we compared the physiology and psychology of breathlessness in 20 endurance athletes with 20 untrained age- and sex-matched sedentary controls. Subjects completed baseline spirometry and anxiety questionnaires, an incremental exercise test to exhaustion and a steady-state hypercapnic ventilatory response test, with concurrent measures of breathlessness intensity and breathlessness-anxiety. Results: Compared with sedentary subjects, athletes reported equivalent breathlessness intensity but greater breathlessness-anxiety at maximal exercise (athletes vs. sedentary (mean ± SD): breathlessness intensity (0–100%) 80.7 (22.7) vs. 72.5 (17.2), p = 0.21; breathlessness-anxiety (0–100%), 45.3 (36.3) vs. 22.3 (20.0), p = 0.02). Athletes operated at higher proportions of their maximal ventilatory capacity (MVV) (athletes vs. sedentary (mean ventilation ± SD; % MVV): 101.6 (27.2) vs. 73.7 (30.1), p = 0.003). In the athletes there was a positive linear correlation between ventilation and breathlessness score during the hypercapnic challenge that was not observed in the sedentary controls. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that whilst operating at high proportions of maximal ventilation, breathlessness-anxiety becomes increasingly prominent in athletes. Our results suggest that ventilatory perception pathways may be a target for improved athletic performance in some individuals. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-06-16 /pmc/articles/PMC4910254/ /pubmed/27378940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00231 Text en Copyright © 2016 Faull, Cox and Pattinson. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Faull, Olivia K. Cox, Pete J. Pattinson, Kyle T. S. Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
title | Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
title_full | Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
title_fullStr | Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
title_full_unstemmed | Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
title_short | Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
title_sort | psychophysical differences in ventilatory awareness and breathlessness between athletes and sedentary individuals |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4910254/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27378940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00231 |
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