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Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More
Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host translation for protein synthesis. Thus, poxviruses have to cope with and, in most cases, reprogram host translation reg...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926189/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27314378 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8060169 |
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author | Liem, Jason Liu, Jia |
author_facet | Liem, Jason Liu, Jia |
author_sort | Liem, Jason |
collection | PubMed |
description | Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host translation for protein synthesis. Thus, poxviruses have to cope with and, in most cases, reprogram host translation regulation. Granule structures, called antiviral granules (AVGs), have been observed surrounding poxvirus viral factories. AVG formation is associated with abortive poxvirus infection, and AVGs contain proteins that are typically found in stress granules (SGs). With certain mutant poxviruses lack of immunoregulatory factor(s), we can specifically examine the mechanisms that drive the formation of these structures. In fact, cytoplasmic macromolecular complexes form during many viral infections and contain sensing molecules that can help reprogram transcription. More importantly, the similarity between AVGs and cytoplasmic structures formed during RNA and DNA sensing events prompts us to reconsider the cause and consequence of these AVGs. In this review, we first summarize recent findings regarding how poxvirus manipulates host translation. Next, we compare and contrast SGs and AVGs. Finally, we review recent findings regarding RNA- and especially DNA-sensing bodies observed during viral infection. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4926189 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-49261892016-07-06 Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More Liem, Jason Liu, Jia Viruses Review Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host translation for protein synthesis. Thus, poxviruses have to cope with and, in most cases, reprogram host translation regulation. Granule structures, called antiviral granules (AVGs), have been observed surrounding poxvirus viral factories. AVG formation is associated with abortive poxvirus infection, and AVGs contain proteins that are typically found in stress granules (SGs). With certain mutant poxviruses lack of immunoregulatory factor(s), we can specifically examine the mechanisms that drive the formation of these structures. In fact, cytoplasmic macromolecular complexes form during many viral infections and contain sensing molecules that can help reprogram transcription. More importantly, the similarity between AVGs and cytoplasmic structures formed during RNA and DNA sensing events prompts us to reconsider the cause and consequence of these AVGs. In this review, we first summarize recent findings regarding how poxvirus manipulates host translation. Next, we compare and contrast SGs and AVGs. Finally, we review recent findings regarding RNA- and especially DNA-sensing bodies observed during viral infection. MDPI 2016-06-14 /pmc/articles/PMC4926189/ /pubmed/27314378 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8060169 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Liem, Jason Liu, Jia Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More |
title | Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More |
title_full | Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More |
title_fullStr | Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More |
title_full_unstemmed | Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More |
title_short | Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More |
title_sort | stress beyond translation: poxviruses and more |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926189/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27314378 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8060169 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT liemjason stressbeyondtranslationpoxvirusesandmore AT liujia stressbeyondtranslationpoxvirusesandmore |