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New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain
The brain has high metabolic and energy needs and requires continuous cerebral blood flow (CBF), which is facilitated by a tight coupling between neuronal activity, CBF, and metabolism. Upon neuronal activation, there is an increase in energy demand, which is then met by a hemodynamic response that...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Croatian Medical Schools
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937223/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27374823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2016.57.223 |
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author | Venkat, Poornima Chopp, Michael Chen, Jieli |
author_facet | Venkat, Poornima Chopp, Michael Chen, Jieli |
author_sort | Venkat, Poornima |
collection | PubMed |
description | The brain has high metabolic and energy needs and requires continuous cerebral blood flow (CBF), which is facilitated by a tight coupling between neuronal activity, CBF, and metabolism. Upon neuronal activation, there is an increase in energy demand, which is then met by a hemodynamic response that increases CBF. Such regional CBF increase in response to neuronal activation is observed using neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. The mechanisms and mediators (eg, nitric oxide, astrocytes, and ion channels) that regulate CBF-metabolism coupling have been extensively studied. The neurovascular unit is a conceptual model encompassing the anatomical and metabolic interactions between the neurons, vascular components, and glial cells in the brain. It is compromised under disease states such as stroke, diabetes, hypertension, dementias, and with aging, all of which trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses that exacerbate brain damage. Hence, tight regulation and maintenance of neurovascular coupling is central for brain homeostasis. This review article also discusses the waste clearance pathways in the brain such as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is a functional waste clearance pathway that removes metabolic wastes and neurotoxins from the brain along paravascular channels. Disruption of the glymphatic system burdens the brain with accumulating waste and has been reported in aging as well as several neurological diseases. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4937223 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Croatian Medical Schools |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-49372232016-07-18 New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain Venkat, Poornima Chopp, Michael Chen, Jieli Croat Med J Cerebrovascular Diseases The brain has high metabolic and energy needs and requires continuous cerebral blood flow (CBF), which is facilitated by a tight coupling between neuronal activity, CBF, and metabolism. Upon neuronal activation, there is an increase in energy demand, which is then met by a hemodynamic response that increases CBF. Such regional CBF increase in response to neuronal activation is observed using neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. The mechanisms and mediators (eg, nitric oxide, astrocytes, and ion channels) that regulate CBF-metabolism coupling have been extensively studied. The neurovascular unit is a conceptual model encompassing the anatomical and metabolic interactions between the neurons, vascular components, and glial cells in the brain. It is compromised under disease states such as stroke, diabetes, hypertension, dementias, and with aging, all of which trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses that exacerbate brain damage. Hence, tight regulation and maintenance of neurovascular coupling is central for brain homeostasis. This review article also discusses the waste clearance pathways in the brain such as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is a functional waste clearance pathway that removes metabolic wastes and neurotoxins from the brain along paravascular channels. Disruption of the glymphatic system burdens the brain with accumulating waste and has been reported in aging as well as several neurological diseases. Croatian Medical Schools 2016-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4937223/ /pubmed/27374823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2016.57.223 Text en Copyright © 2016 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Cerebrovascular Diseases Venkat, Poornima Chopp, Michael Chen, Jieli New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
title | New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
title_full | New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
title_fullStr | New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
title_full_unstemmed | New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
title_short | New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
title_sort | new insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the brain |
topic | Cerebrovascular Diseases |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937223/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27374823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2016.57.223 |
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