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Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported a positive association between smoking and suicide, but the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the association between smoking and suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide death. METHODS: Major electron...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938402/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156348 |
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author | Poorolajal, Jalal Darvishi, Nahid |
author_facet | Poorolajal, Jalal Darvishi, Nahid |
author_sort | Poorolajal, Jalal |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported a positive association between smoking and suicide, but the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the association between smoking and suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide death. METHODS: Major electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched until May 2015. The reference lists of included studies were screened too. Epidemiological studies addressing the association between smoking and suicidal behaviors were enrolled. The heterogeneity across studies was explored by Q-test and I(2) statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests and Trim & Fill analysis. The results were reported based on risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model. RESULTS: We identified a total of 8062 references and included 63 studies with 8,063,634 participants. Compared to nonsmokers, the current smokers were at higher risk of suicidal ideation (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.58; 8 studies; I(2) = 80.8%; P<0.001), suicide plan (OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.69, 3.02; 6 studies; I(2) = 85.2%; P<0.001), suicide attempt (OR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.49, 4.19; 5 studies; I(2) = 89.6%; (P<0.001), and suicide death (RR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.64, 2.02; 14 studies; I(2) = 49.7%; P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: There is sufficient evidence that smoking is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviors. Therefore, smoking is a contributing factor for suicide. Although this association does not imply causation, however, smoking prevention and cessation should be the target of suicide prevention programs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4938402 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-49384022016-07-22 Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis Poorolajal, Jalal Darvishi, Nahid PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported a positive association between smoking and suicide, but the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the association between smoking and suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide death. METHODS: Major electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched until May 2015. The reference lists of included studies were screened too. Epidemiological studies addressing the association between smoking and suicidal behaviors were enrolled. The heterogeneity across studies was explored by Q-test and I(2) statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests and Trim & Fill analysis. The results were reported based on risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model. RESULTS: We identified a total of 8062 references and included 63 studies with 8,063,634 participants. Compared to nonsmokers, the current smokers were at higher risk of suicidal ideation (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.58; 8 studies; I(2) = 80.8%; P<0.001), suicide plan (OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.69, 3.02; 6 studies; I(2) = 85.2%; P<0.001), suicide attempt (OR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.49, 4.19; 5 studies; I(2) = 89.6%; (P<0.001), and suicide death (RR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.64, 2.02; 14 studies; I(2) = 49.7%; P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: There is sufficient evidence that smoking is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviors. Therefore, smoking is a contributing factor for suicide. Although this association does not imply causation, however, smoking prevention and cessation should be the target of suicide prevention programs. Public Library of Science 2016-07-08 /pmc/articles/PMC4938402/ /pubmed/27391330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156348 Text en © 2016 Poorolajal, Darvishi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Poorolajal, Jalal Darvishi, Nahid Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis |
title | Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis |
title_full | Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis |
title_fullStr | Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis |
title_short | Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis |
title_sort | smoking and suicide: a meta-analysis |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938402/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156348 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT poorolajaljalal smokingandsuicideametaanalysis AT darvishinahid smokingandsuicideametaanalysis |