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Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts

Ascidians are marine filter feeders and harbor diverse microbiota that can exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. Pharyngeal samples of Scandinavian and Mediterranean ascidians were screened for consistently associated bacteria by culture-dependent and -independent approaches. Representatives of...

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Autores principales: Schreiber, Lars, Kjeldsen, Kasper U., Funch, Peter, Jensen, Jeppe, Obst, Matthias, López-Legentil, Susanna, Schramm, Andreas
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940369/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27462299
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042
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author Schreiber, Lars
Kjeldsen, Kasper U.
Funch, Peter
Jensen, Jeppe
Obst, Matthias
López-Legentil, Susanna
Schramm, Andreas
author_facet Schreiber, Lars
Kjeldsen, Kasper U.
Funch, Peter
Jensen, Jeppe
Obst, Matthias
López-Legentil, Susanna
Schramm, Andreas
author_sort Schreiber, Lars
collection PubMed
description Ascidians are marine filter feeders and harbor diverse microbiota that can exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. Pharyngeal samples of Scandinavian and Mediterranean ascidians were screened for consistently associated bacteria by culture-dependent and -independent approaches. Representatives of the Endozoicomonas (Gammaproteobacteria, Hahellaceae) clade were detected in the ascidian species Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra, Botryllus schlosseri, Ciona intestinalis, Styela clava, and multiple Ascidia/Ascidiella spp. In total, Endozoicomonas was detected in more than half of all specimens screened, and in 25–100% of the specimens for each species. The retrieved Endozoicomonas 16S rRNA gene sequences formed an ascidian-specific subclade, whose members were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as extracellular microcolonies in the pharynx. Two strains of the ascidian-specific Endozoicomonas subclade were isolated in pure culture and characterized. Both strains are chemoorganoheterotrophs and grow on mucin (a mucus glycoprotein). The strains tested negative for cytotoxic or antibacterial activity. Based on these observations, we propose ascidian-associated Endozoicomonas to be commensals, living off the mucus continuously secreted into the pharynx. Members of the ascidian-specific Endozoicomonas subclade were also detected in seawater from the Scandinavian sampling site, which suggests acquisition of the symbionts by horizontal transmission. The combined results indicate a host-specific, yet facultative symbiosis between ascidians and Endozoicomonas.
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spelling pubmed-49403692016-07-26 Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts Schreiber, Lars Kjeldsen, Kasper U. Funch, Peter Jensen, Jeppe Obst, Matthias López-Legentil, Susanna Schramm, Andreas Front Microbiol Microbiology Ascidians are marine filter feeders and harbor diverse microbiota that can exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. Pharyngeal samples of Scandinavian and Mediterranean ascidians were screened for consistently associated bacteria by culture-dependent and -independent approaches. Representatives of the Endozoicomonas (Gammaproteobacteria, Hahellaceae) clade were detected in the ascidian species Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra, Botryllus schlosseri, Ciona intestinalis, Styela clava, and multiple Ascidia/Ascidiella spp. In total, Endozoicomonas was detected in more than half of all specimens screened, and in 25–100% of the specimens for each species. The retrieved Endozoicomonas 16S rRNA gene sequences formed an ascidian-specific subclade, whose members were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as extracellular microcolonies in the pharynx. Two strains of the ascidian-specific Endozoicomonas subclade were isolated in pure culture and characterized. Both strains are chemoorganoheterotrophs and grow on mucin (a mucus glycoprotein). The strains tested negative for cytotoxic or antibacterial activity. Based on these observations, we propose ascidian-associated Endozoicomonas to be commensals, living off the mucus continuously secreted into the pharynx. Members of the ascidian-specific Endozoicomonas subclade were also detected in seawater from the Scandinavian sampling site, which suggests acquisition of the symbionts by horizontal transmission. The combined results indicate a host-specific, yet facultative symbiosis between ascidians and Endozoicomonas. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-07-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4940369/ /pubmed/27462299 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042 Text en Copyright © 2016 Schreiber, Kjeldsen, Funch, Jensen, Obst, López-Legentil and Schramm. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Schreiber, Lars
Kjeldsen, Kasper U.
Funch, Peter
Jensen, Jeppe
Obst, Matthias
López-Legentil, Susanna
Schramm, Andreas
Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts
title Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts
title_full Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts
title_fullStr Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts
title_full_unstemmed Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts
title_short Endozoicomonas Are Specific, Facultative Symbionts of Sea Squirts
title_sort endozoicomonas are specific, facultative symbionts of sea squirts
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940369/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27462299
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042
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