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Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study

BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is a relatively common birth defect affecting the male urinary tract. It has been suggested that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals might increase the risk of hypospadias by interrupting normal urethral development. METHODS: Using data from the National Birth Defects...

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Autores principales: Winston, Jennifer J., Emch, Michael, Meyer, Robert E., Langlois, Peter, Weyer, Peter, Mosley, Bridget, Olshan, Andrew F., Band, Lawrence E., Luben, Thomas J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946150/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27422386
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9
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author Winston, Jennifer J.
Emch, Michael
Meyer, Robert E.
Langlois, Peter
Weyer, Peter
Mosley, Bridget
Olshan, Andrew F.
Band, Lawrence E.
Luben, Thomas J.
author_facet Winston, Jennifer J.
Emch, Michael
Meyer, Robert E.
Langlois, Peter
Weyer, Peter
Mosley, Bridget
Olshan, Andrew F.
Band, Lawrence E.
Luben, Thomas J.
author_sort Winston, Jennifer J.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is a relatively common birth defect affecting the male urinary tract. It has been suggested that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals might increase the risk of hypospadias by interrupting normal urethral development. METHODS: Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case-control study, we considered the role of maternal exposure to atrazine, a widely used herbicide and potential endocrine disruptor, via drinking water in the etiology of 2nd and 3rd degree hypospadias. We used data on 343 hypospadias cases and 1,422 male controls in North Carolina, Arkansas, Iowa, and Texas from 1998–2005. Using catchment level stream and groundwater contaminant models from the US Geological Survey, we estimated atrazine concentrations in public water supplies and in private wells. We assigned case and control mothers to public water supplies based on geocoded maternal address during the critical window of exposure for hypospadias (i.e., gestational weeks 6–16). Using maternal questionnaire data about water consumption and drinking water, we estimated a surrogate for total maternal consumption of atrazine via drinking water. We then included additional maternal covariates, including age, race/ethnicity, parity, and plurality, in logistic regression analyses to consider an association between atrazine and hypospadias. RESULTS: When controlling for maternal characteristics, any association between hypospadias and daily maternal atrazine exposure during the critical window of genitourinary development was found to be weak or null (odds ratio for atrazine in drinking water = 1. 00, 95 % CI = 0.97 to 1.03 per 0.04 μg/day increase; odds ratio for maternal consumption = 1.02, 95 % CI = 0.99 to 1.05; per 0.05 μg/day increase). CONCLUSIONS: While the association that we observed was weak, our results suggest that additional research into a possible association between atrazine and hypospadias occurrence, using a more sensitive exposure metric, would be useful. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-49461502016-07-16 Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study Winston, Jennifer J. Emch, Michael Meyer, Robert E. Langlois, Peter Weyer, Peter Mosley, Bridget Olshan, Andrew F. Band, Lawrence E. Luben, Thomas J. Environ Health Research BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is a relatively common birth defect affecting the male urinary tract. It has been suggested that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals might increase the risk of hypospadias by interrupting normal urethral development. METHODS: Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case-control study, we considered the role of maternal exposure to atrazine, a widely used herbicide and potential endocrine disruptor, via drinking water in the etiology of 2nd and 3rd degree hypospadias. We used data on 343 hypospadias cases and 1,422 male controls in North Carolina, Arkansas, Iowa, and Texas from 1998–2005. Using catchment level stream and groundwater contaminant models from the US Geological Survey, we estimated atrazine concentrations in public water supplies and in private wells. We assigned case and control mothers to public water supplies based on geocoded maternal address during the critical window of exposure for hypospadias (i.e., gestational weeks 6–16). Using maternal questionnaire data about water consumption and drinking water, we estimated a surrogate for total maternal consumption of atrazine via drinking water. We then included additional maternal covariates, including age, race/ethnicity, parity, and plurality, in logistic regression analyses to consider an association between atrazine and hypospadias. RESULTS: When controlling for maternal characteristics, any association between hypospadias and daily maternal atrazine exposure during the critical window of genitourinary development was found to be weak or null (odds ratio for atrazine in drinking water = 1. 00, 95 % CI = 0.97 to 1.03 per 0.04 μg/day increase; odds ratio for maternal consumption = 1.02, 95 % CI = 0.99 to 1.05; per 0.05 μg/day increase). CONCLUSIONS: While the association that we observed was weak, our results suggest that additional research into a possible association between atrazine and hypospadias occurrence, using a more sensitive exposure metric, would be useful. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2016-07-15 /pmc/articles/PMC4946150/ /pubmed/27422386 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9 Text en © The Author(s). 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research
Winston, Jennifer J.
Emch, Michael
Meyer, Robert E.
Langlois, Peter
Weyer, Peter
Mosley, Bridget
Olshan, Andrew F.
Band, Lawrence E.
Luben, Thomas J.
Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study
title Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study
title_full Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study
title_fullStr Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study
title_full_unstemmed Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study
title_short Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study
title_sort hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the national birth defects prevention study
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946150/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27422386
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9
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