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Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage

Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria. Thus, they bear molecules, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains CpG DNA repeats and N-formyl peptides (FPs), found in bacteria. Upon cell necrosis or apoptosis, these molecules are released into the interstitial space and...

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Autores principales: Eleftheriadis, Theodoros, Pissas, Georgios, Liakopoulos, Vassilios, Stefanidis, Ioannis
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951490/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27489552
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00279
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author Eleftheriadis, Theodoros
Pissas, Georgios
Liakopoulos, Vassilios
Stefanidis, Ioannis
author_facet Eleftheriadis, Theodoros
Pissas, Georgios
Liakopoulos, Vassilios
Stefanidis, Ioannis
author_sort Eleftheriadis, Theodoros
collection PubMed
description Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria. Thus, they bear molecules, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains CpG DNA repeats and N-formyl peptides (FPs), found in bacteria. Upon cell necrosis or apoptosis, these molecules are released into the interstitial space and the circulation and recognized by the immune cells through the same receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to inflammation. Other mitochondrial molecules are not of bacterial origin, but they may serve as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) when due to cell injury are translocated into inappropriate compartments. There they are recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the immune cells. Cytochrome c is such a molecule. In this review, experimental and clinical data are presented that confirms cytochrome c release into the extracellular space in pathological conditions characterized by cell death. This indicates that serum cytochrome c, which can be easily measured, may be a clinically useful marker for diagnosing and assessing the severity of such pathological entities. Reasonably, detection of high cytochrome c level into the circulation means release of various other molecules that serves as DAMPs when found extracellularly, the mtDNA and FPs included. Finally, because the release of this universally found compound into the extracellular space makes cytochrome c an ideal molecule to play the role of a DAMP per se, the available experimental and clinical data that support such a role are provided.
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spelling pubmed-49514902016-08-03 Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage Eleftheriadis, Theodoros Pissas, Georgios Liakopoulos, Vassilios Stefanidis, Ioannis Front Immunol Immunology Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria. Thus, they bear molecules, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains CpG DNA repeats and N-formyl peptides (FPs), found in bacteria. Upon cell necrosis or apoptosis, these molecules are released into the interstitial space and the circulation and recognized by the immune cells through the same receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to inflammation. Other mitochondrial molecules are not of bacterial origin, but they may serve as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) when due to cell injury are translocated into inappropriate compartments. There they are recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the immune cells. Cytochrome c is such a molecule. In this review, experimental and clinical data are presented that confirms cytochrome c release into the extracellular space in pathological conditions characterized by cell death. This indicates that serum cytochrome c, which can be easily measured, may be a clinically useful marker for diagnosing and assessing the severity of such pathological entities. Reasonably, detection of high cytochrome c level into the circulation means release of various other molecules that serves as DAMPs when found extracellularly, the mtDNA and FPs included. Finally, because the release of this universally found compound into the extracellular space makes cytochrome c an ideal molecule to play the role of a DAMP per se, the available experimental and clinical data that support such a role are provided. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-07-20 /pmc/articles/PMC4951490/ /pubmed/27489552 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00279 Text en Copyright © 2016 Eleftheriadis, Pissas, Liakopoulos and Stefanidis. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Eleftheriadis, Theodoros
Pissas, Georgios
Liakopoulos, Vassilios
Stefanidis, Ioannis
Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage
title Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage
title_full Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage
title_fullStr Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage
title_full_unstemmed Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage
title_short Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage
title_sort cytochrome c as a potentially clinical useful marker of mitochondrial and cellular damage
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951490/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27489552
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00279
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