Lack of Association between Missense Variants in GRHL3 (rs2486668 and rs545809) and Susceptibility to Non-Syndromic Orofacial Clefts in a Han Chinese Population

BACKGROUND: Grainyhead-like-3 (GRHL3) was recently identified as the second gene that, when mutated, can leads to Van der Woude syndrome, which is characterized by orofacial clefts (OFC) and lower lip pits. In addition, a missense variant (rs41268753) in GRHL3 confers risk for non-syndromic cleft palate cases of European ancestry. Together with interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), GRHL3 may be associated with the risk of NSOFC which awaits for being verified across different ethnic populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between common functional variants in GRHL3 and susceptibility to NSOFC, especially cleft palate cases, in a Han Chinese population, one of the ethnic groups with the highest birth prevalence of orofacial clefting. METHODS: Because the allele frequency for rs41268753 minor alleles was zero in our Chinese population, we selected functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning GRHL3 with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) > 5% in the Han Chinese population. Two SNPs which meet the above criteria were then genotyped in a case-control cohort comprising 1145 individuals using the TaqMan 5′-exonuclease allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS: SNPs rs2486668 and rs545809 were used in this study. Overall genotype and allele distributions of both SNPs in general and stratified genotyping analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between cases and controls. Further logistic regression analyses using different genetic models failed to reveal any evidence that these markers influence risk to NSOFC. CONCLUSIONS: The variant rs41268753 in GRHL3 increases the risk for cleft palate in European population, but our findings failed to detect the link between two GRHL3 SNPs (rs2486668 and rs545809) and risk to NSOFC in the Han Chinese cohort. Although the present study did not provide any evidence that common functional variants in GRHL3 may contribute to NSOFC etiology in this Chinese population, further studies with a larger sample size, additional SNPs, and a more diverse ethnic cohort are still warranted.