Zirconia-based catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of coumarin through Pechmann reaction

Coumarins play an important role in drug development with diverse biological applications. Herein, we present the synthesis of coumarin through Pechmann reaction by using zirconia-based heterogeneous catalysts (ZrO(2)-TiO(2), ZrO(2)-ZnO, and ZrO(2)/cellulose) in a solvent-free condition at room temperature. ZrO(2)-TiO(2), ZrO(2)-ZnO, and ZrO(2)/cellulose were identified through spectroscopic techniques such as FESEM, X-ray, EDS, XPS, and FT-IR. ZrO(2)-TiO(2) showed the best catalytic performance while ZrO(2)/cellulose was inactive. The kinetic parameters were observed in a solvent-free condition as well as in toluene and ethanol. The temperature effect was extensively studied which revealed that increasing the temperature will increase the rate of reaction. The rate of reaction in a solvent-free condition, ethanol, and toluene were 1.7 × 10(−3), 1.7 × 10(−2), and 5.6 × 10(−3) g mol(−1) min(−1), respectively.