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Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial regulatory switches that facilitate conflicting outcomes for cells by promoting a pro-survival phenotypic adaptation and/or by directly mediating cell death, all through the toxin activity upon degradation of antitoxin. Intensive study has revealed specific...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4963847/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27409636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8070214 |
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author | Muthuramalingam, Meenakumari White, John C. Bourne, Christina R. |
author_facet | Muthuramalingam, Meenakumari White, John C. Bourne, Christina R. |
author_sort | Muthuramalingam, Meenakumari |
collection | PubMed |
description | Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial regulatory switches that facilitate conflicting outcomes for cells by promoting a pro-survival phenotypic adaptation and/or by directly mediating cell death, all through the toxin activity upon degradation of antitoxin. Intensive study has revealed specific details of TA module functions, but significant gaps remain about the molecular details of activation via antitoxin degradation used by different bacteria and in different environments. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the interaction of antitoxins with cellular proteases Lon and ClpP to mediate TA module activation. An understanding of these processes can answer long-standing questions regarding stochastic versus specific activation of TA modules and provide insight into the potential for manipulation of TA modules to alter bacterial growth. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4963847 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-49638472016-08-03 Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways Muthuramalingam, Meenakumari White, John C. Bourne, Christina R. Toxins (Basel) Review Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial regulatory switches that facilitate conflicting outcomes for cells by promoting a pro-survival phenotypic adaptation and/or by directly mediating cell death, all through the toxin activity upon degradation of antitoxin. Intensive study has revealed specific details of TA module functions, but significant gaps remain about the molecular details of activation via antitoxin degradation used by different bacteria and in different environments. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the interaction of antitoxins with cellular proteases Lon and ClpP to mediate TA module activation. An understanding of these processes can answer long-standing questions regarding stochastic versus specific activation of TA modules and provide insight into the potential for manipulation of TA modules to alter bacterial growth. MDPI 2016-07-09 /pmc/articles/PMC4963847/ /pubmed/27409636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8070214 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Muthuramalingam, Meenakumari White, John C. Bourne, Christina R. Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways |
title | Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways |
title_full | Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways |
title_fullStr | Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways |
title_full_unstemmed | Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways |
title_short | Toxin-Antitoxin Modules Are Pliable Switches Activated by Multiple Protease Pathways |
title_sort | toxin-antitoxin modules are pliable switches activated by multiple protease pathways |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4963847/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27409636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8070214 |
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