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Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic has negatively affected over 40 million people worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved life expectancy and changed the outcome of HIV-1 infection, making it a chronic and manageable disease. However, AIDS and non-AIDS comorbid ill...

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Autores principales: Rivera-Rivera, Yainyrette, Vázquez-Santiago, Fabián J., Albino, Elinette, Sánchez, María del C., Rivera-Amill, Vanessa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4966661/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27478681
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.1000423
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author Rivera-Rivera, Yainyrette
Vázquez-Santiago, Fabián J.
Albino, Elinette
Sánchez, María del C.
Rivera-Amill, Vanessa
author_facet Rivera-Rivera, Yainyrette
Vázquez-Santiago, Fabián J.
Albino, Elinette
Sánchez, María del C.
Rivera-Amill, Vanessa
author_sort Rivera-Rivera, Yainyrette
collection PubMed
description The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic has negatively affected over 40 million people worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved life expectancy and changed the outcome of HIV-1 infection, making it a chronic and manageable disease. However, AIDS and non-AIDS comorbid illnesses persist during the course of infection despite the use of ART. In addition, the development of neuropsychiatric comorbidities (including depression) by HIV-infected subjects significantly affects quality of life, medication adherence, and disease prognosis. The factors associated with depression during HIV-1 infection include altered immune response, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and monoamine imbalance. Elevated plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels contribute to the development of depression and depressive-like behaviors in HIV(+) subjects. In addition, comorbid depression influences the decline rates of CD4(+) cell counts and increases plasma viral load. Depression can manifest in some subjects despite their adherence to ART. In addition, psychosocial factors related to stigma (negative attitudes, moral issues, and abuse of HIV(+) subjects) are also associated with depression. Both neurobiological and psychosocial factors are important considerations for the effective clinical management of HIV and the prevention of HIV disease progression.
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spelling pubmed-49666612016-07-29 Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease Rivera-Rivera, Yainyrette Vázquez-Santiago, Fabián J. Albino, Elinette Sánchez, María del C. Rivera-Amill, Vanessa J Clin Cell Immunol Article The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic has negatively affected over 40 million people worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved life expectancy and changed the outcome of HIV-1 infection, making it a chronic and manageable disease. However, AIDS and non-AIDS comorbid illnesses persist during the course of infection despite the use of ART. In addition, the development of neuropsychiatric comorbidities (including depression) by HIV-infected subjects significantly affects quality of life, medication adherence, and disease prognosis. The factors associated with depression during HIV-1 infection include altered immune response, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and monoamine imbalance. Elevated plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels contribute to the development of depression and depressive-like behaviors in HIV(+) subjects. In addition, comorbid depression influences the decline rates of CD4(+) cell counts and increases plasma viral load. Depression can manifest in some subjects despite their adherence to ART. In addition, psychosocial factors related to stigma (negative attitudes, moral issues, and abuse of HIV(+) subjects) are also associated with depression. Both neurobiological and psychosocial factors are important considerations for the effective clinical management of HIV and the prevention of HIV disease progression. 2016-06-03 2016-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4966661/ /pubmed/27478681 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.1000423 Text en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Article
Rivera-Rivera, Yainyrette
Vázquez-Santiago, Fabián J.
Albino, Elinette
Sánchez, María del C.
Rivera-Amill, Vanessa
Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease
title Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease
title_full Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease
title_fullStr Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease
title_full_unstemmed Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease
title_short Impact of Depression and Inflammation on the Progression of HIV Disease
title_sort impact of depression and inflammation on the progression of hiv disease
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4966661/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27478681
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.1000423
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