Co-expression of autophagic markers following photodynamic therapy in SW620 human colon adenocarcinoma cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive cancer treatment. It involves the combination of a photosensitizer and light of a specific wavelength to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that lead to tumor cell death. Autophagy is one of the pathways that tumor cells undergo during photodamage and it is common in photodynamic therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in vitro PDT on the expression of autophagy-related proteins, autophagy related 7 (Atg7), light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1. Human SW620 colon carcinoma cells were treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based PDT at a dose of 3 mM. The irradiation was performed using 4.5 J/cm(2) total light and a fluence rate of 60 mW/cm(2). Autophagy was evaluated by immunocytochemistry using specific antibodies to Atg7, Beclin-1 and LC3. The evaluation was repeated at several time points (0, 4, 8 and 24 h) following irradiation. The induction of autophagy was observed directly following the 5-ALA-mediated PDT procedure with the strongest expression of autophagy-related proteins at 4 and 8 h after irradiation as demonstrated using immunocytochemistry. It was characterized by significantly increased expression of Beclin-1, Atg7 and LC3. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to analyze Beclin-1, Atg7 and LC3 expression in a PDT-related experiment. This study enhances the understanding of the role of autophagy in PDT, which may contribute to better and more effective tumor responses to this therapy.