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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral
Neutrophils are the most numerous immune cells. Their importance as the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens is well described. In contrast, the role of neutrophils in controlling viral infections is less clear. Bacterial and fungal pathogens can stimulate neutrophils extrace...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027205/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27698656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366 |
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author | Schönrich, Günther Raftery, Martin J. |
author_facet | Schönrich, Günther Raftery, Martin J. |
author_sort | Schönrich, Günther |
collection | PubMed |
description | Neutrophils are the most numerous immune cells. Their importance as the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens is well described. In contrast, the role of neutrophils in controlling viral infections is less clear. Bacterial and fungal pathogens can stimulate neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. Although NETosis has previously been described as a special form of programmed cell death, there are forms of NET production that do not end with the demise of neutrophils. As an end result of NETosis, genomic DNA complexed with microbicidal proteins is expelled from neutrophils. These structures can kill pathogens or at least prevent their local spread within host tissue. On the other hand, disproportionate NET formation can cause local or systemic damage. Only recently, it was recognized that viruses can also induce NETosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which NETs are produced in the context of viral infection and how this may contribute to both antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Finally, we shed light on viral immune evasion mechanisms targeting NETs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5027205 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-50272052016-10-03 Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral Schönrich, Günther Raftery, Martin J. Front Immunol Immunology Neutrophils are the most numerous immune cells. Their importance as the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens is well described. In contrast, the role of neutrophils in controlling viral infections is less clear. Bacterial and fungal pathogens can stimulate neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. Although NETosis has previously been described as a special form of programmed cell death, there are forms of NET production that do not end with the demise of neutrophils. As an end result of NETosis, genomic DNA complexed with microbicidal proteins is expelled from neutrophils. These structures can kill pathogens or at least prevent their local spread within host tissue. On the other hand, disproportionate NET formation can cause local or systemic damage. Only recently, it was recognized that viruses can also induce NETosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which NETs are produced in the context of viral infection and how this may contribute to both antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Finally, we shed light on viral immune evasion mechanisms targeting NETs. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-09-19 /pmc/articles/PMC5027205/ /pubmed/27698656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366 Text en Copyright © 2016 Schönrich and Raftery. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Schönrich, Günther Raftery, Martin J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral |
title | Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral |
title_full | Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral |
title_fullStr | Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral |
title_full_unstemmed | Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral |
title_short | Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral |
title_sort | neutrophil extracellular traps go viral |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027205/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27698656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT schonrichgunther neutrophilextracellulartrapsgoviral AT rafterymartinj neutrophilextracellulartrapsgoviral |