Effects of Elevated Temperature and Food Supply on the Termination of Over-Summering and Subsequent Development of the Calanoid Copepod Calanus sinicus: Morphology, Physiology and Gene Expression

The copepod Calanus sinicus Brodsky dominates the zooplankton in the Yellow Sea, China, and undergoes over-summering within the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM). Termination of over-summering and subsequent development are regarded as key processes in population recruitment, and are probably linked to environmental variations in the YSCWM. In this study, we examined the effects of temperature (9 and 18°C) and food conditions (0.1 μg C mL(-1) and unfed) on metabolic rates, morphological characteristics, and relative gene expressions of six genes involved in molting, gonad development, lipid catabolism, and stress tolerance processes of C. sinicus during termination of over-summering and subsequent development. Both elevated temperature and external food supply rapidly ended over-summering of C. sinicus, accompanied by up-regulation of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) gene expression and increased metabolic rates. These environmental conditions resulted in irreversible termination of over-summering and ensure the success of molting. During subsequent development, the lipid reserve in oil sacs could permit only early gonad development. The food supply might be a trigger to activate the final maturity of gonad by up-regulating expression of the vitellogenin receptor (VgR) gene. Thus, food played an indispensable role in population recruitment after termination of over-summering, whereas the elevated temperature accelerated these physiological processes. This study revealed the first dynamic profiles of physiological processes involved in over-summering termination and the subsequent development of C. sinicus using morphological, physiological and molecular methods simultaneously, confirmed the quiescent state of over-summering C5 copepodites, detected the effects of environmental changes on over-summering termination and subsequent development, and provided a foundation for future investigations of the mechanisms involved in over-summering in YSCWM.