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Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis
Numerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031708/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27713696 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474 |
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author | Zhou, Guifei Liu, Jiangang Ding, Xiao Pan Fu, Genyue Lee, Kang |
author_facet | Zhou, Guifei Liu, Jiangang Ding, Xiao Pan Fu, Genyue Lee, Kang |
author_sort | Zhou, Guifei |
collection | PubMed |
description | Numerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger causality analysis (GCA) to examine the development of children's cortical networks in processing own- and other-race faces. Children were between 3 and 13 years. An old-new paradigm was used to assess their own- and other-race face recognition with ETG-4000 (Hitachi Medical Co., Japan) acquiring functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. After preprocessing, for each participant and under each face condition, we obtained the causal map by calculating the weights of causal relations between the time courses of [oxy-Hb] of each pair of channels using GCA. To investigate further the differential causal connectivity for own-race faces and other-race faces at the group level, a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the GCA weights for each pair of channels with the face race task (own-race face vs. other-race face) as the within-subject variable and the age as a between-subject factor (continuous variable). We found an age-related increase in functional connectivity, paralleling a similar age-related improvement in behavioral face processing ability. More importantly, we found that the significant differences in neural functional connectivity between the recognition of own-race faces and that of other-race faces were modulated by age. Thus, like the behavioral ORE, the neural ORE emerges early and undergoes a protracted developmental course. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5031708 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-50317082016-10-06 Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis Zhou, Guifei Liu, Jiangang Ding, Xiao Pan Fu, Genyue Lee, Kang Front Hum Neurosci Neuroscience Numerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger causality analysis (GCA) to examine the development of children's cortical networks in processing own- and other-race faces. Children were between 3 and 13 years. An old-new paradigm was used to assess their own- and other-race face recognition with ETG-4000 (Hitachi Medical Co., Japan) acquiring functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. After preprocessing, for each participant and under each face condition, we obtained the causal map by calculating the weights of causal relations between the time courses of [oxy-Hb] of each pair of channels using GCA. To investigate further the differential causal connectivity for own-race faces and other-race faces at the group level, a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the GCA weights for each pair of channels with the face race task (own-race face vs. other-race face) as the within-subject variable and the age as a between-subject factor (continuous variable). We found an age-related increase in functional connectivity, paralleling a similar age-related improvement in behavioral face processing ability. More importantly, we found that the significant differences in neural functional connectivity between the recognition of own-race faces and that of other-race faces were modulated by age. Thus, like the behavioral ORE, the neural ORE emerges early and undergoes a protracted developmental course. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-09-22 /pmc/articles/PMC5031708/ /pubmed/27713696 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474 Text en Copyright © 2016 Zhou, Liu, Ding, Fu and Lee. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Zhou, Guifei Liu, Jiangang Ding, Xiao Pan Fu, Genyue Lee, Kang Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis |
title | Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis |
title_full | Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis |
title_fullStr | Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis |
title_short | Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis |
title_sort | development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: a granger causality analysis |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031708/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27713696 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474 |
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