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Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections

Alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent in equine populations and co-infections with more than one of these viruses’ strains frequently diagnosed. Lytic replication and latency with subsequent reactivation, along with new episodes of disease, can be influenced by genetic diversity generated by spont...

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Autores principales: Abdelgawad, Azza, Damiani, Armando, Ho, Simon Y. W., Strauss, Günter, Szentiks, Claudia A., East, Marion L., Osterrieder, Nikolaus, Greenwood, Alex D.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5035975/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27657113
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8090262
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author Abdelgawad, Azza
Damiani, Armando
Ho, Simon Y. W.
Strauss, Günter
Szentiks, Claudia A.
East, Marion L.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
Greenwood, Alex D.
author_facet Abdelgawad, Azza
Damiani, Armando
Ho, Simon Y. W.
Strauss, Günter
Szentiks, Claudia A.
East, Marion L.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
Greenwood, Alex D.
author_sort Abdelgawad, Azza
collection PubMed
description Alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent in equine populations and co-infections with more than one of these viruses’ strains frequently diagnosed. Lytic replication and latency with subsequent reactivation, along with new episodes of disease, can be influenced by genetic diversity generated by spontaneous mutation and recombination. Latency enhances virus survival by providing an epidemiological strategy for long-term maintenance of divergent strains in animal populations. The alphaherpesviruses equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and 9 (EHV-9) have recently been shown to cross species barriers, including a recombinant EHV-1 observed in fatal infections of a polar bear and Asian rhinoceros. Little is known about the latency and genetic diversity of EHV-1 and EHV-9, especially among zoo and wild equids. Here, we report evidence of limited genetic diversity in EHV-9 in zebras, whereas there is substantial genetic variability in EHV-1. We demonstrate that zebras can be lytically and latently infected with both viruses concurrently. Such a co-occurrence of infection in zebras suggests that even relatively slow-evolving viruses such as equine herpesviruses have the potential to diversify rapidly by recombination. This has potential consequences for the diagnosis of these viruses and their management in wild and captive equid populations.
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spelling pubmed-50359752016-09-29 Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections Abdelgawad, Azza Damiani, Armando Ho, Simon Y. W. Strauss, Günter Szentiks, Claudia A. East, Marion L. Osterrieder, Nikolaus Greenwood, Alex D. Viruses Article Alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent in equine populations and co-infections with more than one of these viruses’ strains frequently diagnosed. Lytic replication and latency with subsequent reactivation, along with new episodes of disease, can be influenced by genetic diversity generated by spontaneous mutation and recombination. Latency enhances virus survival by providing an epidemiological strategy for long-term maintenance of divergent strains in animal populations. The alphaherpesviruses equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and 9 (EHV-9) have recently been shown to cross species barriers, including a recombinant EHV-1 observed in fatal infections of a polar bear and Asian rhinoceros. Little is known about the latency and genetic diversity of EHV-1 and EHV-9, especially among zoo and wild equids. Here, we report evidence of limited genetic diversity in EHV-9 in zebras, whereas there is substantial genetic variability in EHV-1. We demonstrate that zebras can be lytically and latently infected with both viruses concurrently. Such a co-occurrence of infection in zebras suggests that even relatively slow-evolving viruses such as equine herpesviruses have the potential to diversify rapidly by recombination. This has potential consequences for the diagnosis of these viruses and their management in wild and captive equid populations. MDPI 2016-09-20 /pmc/articles/PMC5035975/ /pubmed/27657113 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8090262 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Abdelgawad, Azza
Damiani, Armando
Ho, Simon Y. W.
Strauss, Günter
Szentiks, Claudia A.
East, Marion L.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
Greenwood, Alex D.
Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
title Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
title_full Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
title_fullStr Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
title_full_unstemmed Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
title_short Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
title_sort zebra alphaherpesviruses (ehv-1 and ehv-9): genetic diversity, latency and co-infections
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5035975/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27657113
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8090262
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