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Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack
Overcoming the first line of the innate immune system is a general hallmark of pathogenic microbes to avoid recognition and to enter the human host. In particular, spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex have developed various means to counter the immune response and to...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2016
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036304/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27725820 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00385 |
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author | Kraiczy, Peter |
author_facet | Kraiczy, Peter |
author_sort | Kraiczy, Peter |
collection | PubMed |
description | Overcoming the first line of the innate immune system is a general hallmark of pathogenic microbes to avoid recognition and to enter the human host. In particular, spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex have developed various means to counter the immune response and to successfully survive in diverse host environments for a prolonged period of time. In regard to complement resistance, Borrelia utilize a plethora of immune evasion strategies involves capturing of host-derived complement regulators, terminating complement activation as well as shedding of cell-destroying complement complexes to manipulate and to expeditiously inhibit human complement. Owing to their mode of action, the interacting surface-exposed proteins identified among B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia spielmanii, and Borrelia bavariensis can be classified into at least two major categories, namely, molecules that directly interfere with distinct complement components including BBK32, CspA, BGA66, BGA71, and a CD59-like protein or molecules, which indirectly counteract complement activation by binding various complement regulators such as Factor H, Factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), Factor H-related proteins FHR-1, FHR-2, or C4Bp. The latter group of genetically and structurally unrelated proteins has been collectively referred to as “complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins” and consists of CspA, CspZ, ErpA, ErpC, ErpP, and the as yet unidentified protein p43. This review focuses on the current knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms exhibited by Lyme disease spirochetes and highlights the role of complement-interfering, infection-associated molecules playing an important part in these processes. Deciphering the immune evasion strategies may provide novel avenues for improved diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5036304 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-50363042016-10-10 Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack Kraiczy, Peter Front Immunol Immunology Overcoming the first line of the innate immune system is a general hallmark of pathogenic microbes to avoid recognition and to enter the human host. In particular, spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex have developed various means to counter the immune response and to successfully survive in diverse host environments for a prolonged period of time. In regard to complement resistance, Borrelia utilize a plethora of immune evasion strategies involves capturing of host-derived complement regulators, terminating complement activation as well as shedding of cell-destroying complement complexes to manipulate and to expeditiously inhibit human complement. Owing to their mode of action, the interacting surface-exposed proteins identified among B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia spielmanii, and Borrelia bavariensis can be classified into at least two major categories, namely, molecules that directly interfere with distinct complement components including BBK32, CspA, BGA66, BGA71, and a CD59-like protein or molecules, which indirectly counteract complement activation by binding various complement regulators such as Factor H, Factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), Factor H-related proteins FHR-1, FHR-2, or C4Bp. The latter group of genetically and structurally unrelated proteins has been collectively referred to as “complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins” and consists of CspA, CspZ, ErpA, ErpC, ErpP, and the as yet unidentified protein p43. This review focuses on the current knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms exhibited by Lyme disease spirochetes and highlights the role of complement-interfering, infection-associated molecules playing an important part in these processes. Deciphering the immune evasion strategies may provide novel avenues for improved diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-09-26 /pmc/articles/PMC5036304/ /pubmed/27725820 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00385 Text en Copyright © 2016 Kraiczy. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Kraiczy, Peter Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack |
title | Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack |
title_full | Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack |
title_fullStr | Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack |
title_full_unstemmed | Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack |
title_short | Hide and Seek: How Lyme Disease Spirochetes Overcome Complement Attack |
title_sort | hide and seek: how lyme disease spirochetes overcome complement attack |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036304/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27725820 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00385 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kraiczypeter hideandseekhowlymediseasespirochetesovercomecomplementattack |