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Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants
Alert level frameworks advise agencies on a sequence of monitoring and management actions, and are implemented so as to reduce the risk of the public coming into contact with hazardous substances. Their effectiveness relies on the detection of the hazard, but with many systems not receiving any regu...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037477/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27589798 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8090251 |
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author | Reichwaldt, Elke S. Stone, Daniel Barrington, Dani J. Sinang, Som C. Ghadouani, Anas |
author_facet | Reichwaldt, Elke S. Stone, Daniel Barrington, Dani J. Sinang, Som C. Ghadouani, Anas |
author_sort | Reichwaldt, Elke S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Alert level frameworks advise agencies on a sequence of monitoring and management actions, and are implemented so as to reduce the risk of the public coming into contact with hazardous substances. Their effectiveness relies on the detection of the hazard, but with many systems not receiving any regular monitoring, pollution events often go undetected. We developed toxicological risk assessment models for acute and chronic exposure to pollutants that incorporate the probabilities that the public will come into contact with undetected pollution events, to identify the level of risk a system poses in regards to the pollutant. As a proof of concept, we successfully demonstrated that the models could be applied to determine probabilities of acute and chronic illness types related to recreational activities in waterbodies containing cyanotoxins. Using the acute model, we identified lakes that present a ‘high’ risk to develop Day Away From Work illness, and lakes that present a ‘low’ or ‘medium’ risk to develop First Aid Cases when used for swimming. The developed risk models succeeded in categorising lakes according to their risk level to the public in an objective way. Modelling by how much the probability of public exposure has to decrease to lower the risks to acceptable levels will enable authorities to identify suitable control measures and monitoring strategies. We suggest broadening the application of these models to other contaminants. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-5037477 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-50374772016-09-29 Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants Reichwaldt, Elke S. Stone, Daniel Barrington, Dani J. Sinang, Som C. Ghadouani, Anas Toxins (Basel) Article Alert level frameworks advise agencies on a sequence of monitoring and management actions, and are implemented so as to reduce the risk of the public coming into contact with hazardous substances. Their effectiveness relies on the detection of the hazard, but with many systems not receiving any regular monitoring, pollution events often go undetected. We developed toxicological risk assessment models for acute and chronic exposure to pollutants that incorporate the probabilities that the public will come into contact with undetected pollution events, to identify the level of risk a system poses in regards to the pollutant. As a proof of concept, we successfully demonstrated that the models could be applied to determine probabilities of acute and chronic illness types related to recreational activities in waterbodies containing cyanotoxins. Using the acute model, we identified lakes that present a ‘high’ risk to develop Day Away From Work illness, and lakes that present a ‘low’ or ‘medium’ risk to develop First Aid Cases when used for swimming. The developed risk models succeeded in categorising lakes according to their risk level to the public in an objective way. Modelling by how much the probability of public exposure has to decrease to lower the risks to acceptable levels will enable authorities to identify suitable control measures and monitoring strategies. We suggest broadening the application of these models to other contaminants. MDPI 2016-08-31 /pmc/articles/PMC5037477/ /pubmed/27589798 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8090251 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Reichwaldt, Elke S. Stone, Daniel Barrington, Dani J. Sinang, Som C. Ghadouani, Anas Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants |
title | Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants |
title_full | Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants |
title_fullStr | Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants |
title_full_unstemmed | Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants |
title_short | Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants |
title_sort | development of toxicological risk assessment models for acute and chronic exposure to pollutants |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037477/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27589798 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8090251 |
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