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Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns

[Image: see text] Surface and groundwater contamination with fecal pathogens is a public health concern especially in low-income settings where these sources are used untreated. We modeled observed Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination in community ponds (n = 94; 79% contaminated), deep tubewell...

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Autores principales: Daniels, Miles E., Smith, Woutrina A., Schmidt, Wolf-Peter, Clasen, Thomas, Jenkins, Marion W.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Chemical Society 2016
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5058636/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27310009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05797
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author Daniels, Miles E.
Smith, Woutrina A.
Schmidt, Wolf-Peter
Clasen, Thomas
Jenkins, Marion W.
author_facet Daniels, Miles E.
Smith, Woutrina A.
Schmidt, Wolf-Peter
Clasen, Thomas
Jenkins, Marion W.
author_sort Daniels, Miles E.
collection PubMed
description [Image: see text] Surface and groundwater contamination with fecal pathogens is a public health concern especially in low-income settings where these sources are used untreated. We modeled observed Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination in community ponds (n = 94; 79% contaminated), deep tubewells (DTWs) (n = 107; 17%), and shallow tubewells (STWs) (n = 96; 19%) during the 2012 and 2013 monsoon seasons (June–August) in 60 villages in Puri District, India to understand sources and processes of contamination. Detection of Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia in a tubewell was positively associated with damage to the well pad for DTWs, the amount of human loading into pour-flush latrine pits nearby (≤15 m) for STWs, and the village literacy rate (for Giardia in STWs). Pond concentration levels were positively associated with the number of people practicing open defecation within 50 m and the sheep population for Cryptosporidium, and with the village illiteracy rate for Giardia. Recent rainfall increased the risk of Cryptosporidium in STWs (an extreme event) and ponds (any), while increasing seasonal rainfall decreased the risk of Giardia in STWs and ponds. Full latrine coverage in this setting is expected to marginally reduce pond Cryptosporidium contamination (16%) while increasing local groundwater protozoal contamination (87–306%), with the largest increases predicted for Cryptosporidium in STWs.
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spelling pubmed-50586362016-10-12 Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns Daniels, Miles E. Smith, Woutrina A. Schmidt, Wolf-Peter Clasen, Thomas Jenkins, Marion W. Environ Sci Technol [Image: see text] Surface and groundwater contamination with fecal pathogens is a public health concern especially in low-income settings where these sources are used untreated. We modeled observed Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination in community ponds (n = 94; 79% contaminated), deep tubewells (DTWs) (n = 107; 17%), and shallow tubewells (STWs) (n = 96; 19%) during the 2012 and 2013 monsoon seasons (June–August) in 60 villages in Puri District, India to understand sources and processes of contamination. Detection of Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia in a tubewell was positively associated with damage to the well pad for DTWs, the amount of human loading into pour-flush latrine pits nearby (≤15 m) for STWs, and the village literacy rate (for Giardia in STWs). Pond concentration levels were positively associated with the number of people practicing open defecation within 50 m and the sheep population for Cryptosporidium, and with the village illiteracy rate for Giardia. Recent rainfall increased the risk of Cryptosporidium in STWs (an extreme event) and ponds (any), while increasing seasonal rainfall decreased the risk of Giardia in STWs and ponds. Full latrine coverage in this setting is expected to marginally reduce pond Cryptosporidium contamination (16%) while increasing local groundwater protozoal contamination (87–306%), with the largest increases predicted for Cryptosporidium in STWs. American Chemical Society 2016-06-16 2016-07-19 /pmc/articles/PMC5058636/ /pubmed/27310009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05797 Text en Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License (http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.
spellingShingle Daniels, Miles E.
Smith, Woutrina A.
Schmidt, Wolf-Peter
Clasen, Thomas
Jenkins, Marion W.
Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns
title Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns
title_full Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns
title_fullStr Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns
title_full_unstemmed Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns
title_short Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns
title_sort modeling cryptosporidium and giardia in ground and surface water sources in rural india: associations with latrines, livestock, damaged wells, and rainfall patterns
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5058636/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27310009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05797
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