Sustained Delivery Growth Factors with Polyethyleneimine‐Modified Nanoparticles Promote Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiation and Liver Regeneration

Stem‐cell‐derived hepatocyte transplantation is considered as a potential method for the therapy of acute and chronic liver failure. However, the low efficiency of differentiation into mature and functional hepatocytes remains a major challenge for clinical applications. By using polyethyleneimine‐modified silica nanoparticles, this study develops a system for sustained delivery of growth factors, leading to induce hepatocyte‐like cells (iHeps) from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and improve the expression of endoderm and hepatocyte‐specific genes and proteins significantly, thus producing a higher population of functional hepatocytes in vitro. When transplanted into liver‐injured mice after four weeks, mESC‐derived definitive endoderm cells treated with this delivery system show higher integration efficiency into the host liver, differentiated into iHeps in vivo and significantly restored the injured liver. Therefore, these findings reveal the multiple advantages of functionalized nanoparticles to serve as efficient delivery platforms to promote stem cell differentiation in the regenerative medicine.